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Biology > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA—>RNA—>Protein

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2
Q

Molecules of life

Macrmolecules

A

Carbohydrates- polymers of sugar
Lipids- not polymers
proteins- polymers of amino acids
nucleic acid- polymers of nucleotides

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3
Q

Resolution

A

the ability of a microscope to distinguish two objects as being separate
higher magnification increases resolution
contrast helps with detail but cant increase resolution

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4
Q

Microscopy types

A 
Light 
1.reflected light
2.transmitted light
3.fluorescence
Electron
1.transmission
2.Scanning
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5
Q

Darkfield

A

Contrast-enhancing methods
Illuminates sample at an angle so light does not hit the objective lens directly
only light that is scattered upwards by the sample reaches the objective lens

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6
Q

Phase contrast

A
  • Variations in specimen thickness and refractive properties how light passes through it
  • This method creates slight phase shifts in the illuminating light, which manifest as higher detailed images
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7
Q

Fluorescence

A
  • electrons absorbs a photon and gets excited to a higher energy state
    -Excited electron returns to its ground state, releasing a photon of longer wavelength
    -
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8
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

beam of electrons is transmitted through an extremely thin section of a specimen. Best resolution of the internal organization of cells and their organelles

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Consists of cytosol+organelles
  • cytosol is aqueous liquid
  • full of macromolecules + smaller molecules
  • metabolic activities
  • signal transduction
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10
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • highly organized machine consisting of proteins and rRNA. Its actually more like an enzyme than an organelle
  • reads the sequences of mRNA to coordinate their translation into proteins
  • (Ribo- Ribonucleic acid) + (Som-body)
  • prokaryotic ribosomes are a bit smaller but do the same thing
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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Filamentous polymers that partcicipate in many processes
  • cell division
  • intracellular transport
  • intracellular organization and shape
  • present both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • prokaryotes have ancient versions
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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A 
unicellular
small
no membrane bound organelles
nucleoid
single circular chromosomes+plasmids
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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A 
unicellular or multicellular
large to very large
membrane bound organelles
nucleus
linear DNA in chromosomes
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14
Q

Green Fluorescent Protein

A

single molecule dynamics
whole cellular behaviour
whole organ growth and hormone physiology

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids
not abundant in most cells
highly abundant in cells that secrete the above molecules
also abundant in cells involved in detoxification of drugs and alcohol

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

like the stomach (acidic breaks things down)
hydrolyses. both internal and external things
autophagy
found primarily in animals

17
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage of nutrients
turgor pressure for cell enlargement
maintain ion gradients
digest waste products

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

The source of all cellular respiration which creates the bulk of the cells energy in the form of ATP

19
Q

Chloroplast

A

Performs photosynthesis
two boundary membranes + internal thylakoid membrane
stroma is the cytoplasm
stacks of thylakoids are called grant
photosynthetic reactions occur in thylakoids and storm

20
Q

chromoplast
Amyloplast
Proteinoplast- protein storage sites

A

Chromoplast- house pigements for organ coloration
amyoplast- contain starch for energy storage some specialized ones in root tips and soem stems are used to sense the direction of the gravity vector for gravitropism
proteinoplast- protein storage sites

21
Q

Microtubules

A

polymers of a/b tubular dimers
13 protofilaments
have plus and minus ends which gives them an inherent polarity
frequent switches between growing (polymerization) and shortening (depolymerization)
most growth/shortening occurs at plus ends

22
Q

Centrosomes

A
23
Q

plasma membrane

A

outer limit of cytoplasm responsible for the regulation substances moving into and out of cells

24
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

large double stranded helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms

25
Q

glycocalyx/capsule

A

carbohydrate coat covering the cell surface

26
Q

cell wall

A

rigid external layer of material surronding the plasma membrane of cells in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists, providing cell protection and support

27
Q

nucleus

A

central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes from the surronding cytoplasm where DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription

28
Q

nucleoid

A

central region of prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane seperating it from cytoplasm, where DNA replicationand RNA transcription occur

29
Q

organelle

A

the nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells

30
Q

plasmid

A

DNA molecule in the cytoplasm of certain prokaryotes which often contains genes with functions that supplement those in the nucleoid and can replicate independently of the nucleiod DNA and be passed along during cell division

31
Q

flagellum

A

a long threadlike cellular appendage responsible for movement found in both prokaryote and eukaryotes but with different structures and locomotion

32
Q

cyanobacteria

A
33
Q

colony

A
34
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

detailed 3 dimensional image of the surface of the specimen. Used for intact specimens such as insects and pollen grains

35
Q

confocal laser scanning microscopy

A

type of fluorescence microscopy that involves focusing a laser light source onto a very thin plane. Used to examine specimens that are too thick to be examined with fluorescence microscopy

Biology (7 decks)

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