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Biomolecular Mechanisms > Week 21: (C) INFLUENZA > Flashcards

Week 21: (C) INFLUENZA Flashcards

1
Q

What are some symptoms of influenza?

A 
headache 
fever
tireless 
joint aches
vomiting
coughing 
runny nose
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2
Q

How is influenza passed on?

A

aerosols
dropplets
sneezing; say out a large amount of mucous which may contain virus in these particle. if you breath that is you may become infected

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3
Q

What is an example of an influenza virus?

A

swine flu

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4
Q

What type of particle is the influenza virus which causes human pandemics?

A

spheroidal particles

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5
Q

What contains the viral genome in the spheroidal particles?

A

internal nucleocapsid

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6
Q

What does the genome of a spheroidal particle consist of?

A

The genome consists of

eight single-stranded RNA segments that code for 10 proteins

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7
Q

What are some of the proteins that spheroidal particles genome code for?

A

PB2, PB1, PA, HA (hemagglutinin), NP
(nucleoprotein), NA (neuraminidase), M1 (matrix protein), M2 (ion-channel protein), and two nonstructural proteins,
NS1 and NS2

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8
Q

How are the type A subtypes classified?

A

classified according to structural variants for the two surface
proteins: hemagglutinin (15 variants, H1 to H15) and neuraminidase (9 variants, N1 to N9).

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9
Q

What is the target of antiviral drugs on the SPHEROIDAL PARTICLES?

A

An ion-channel protein
(M2), embedded in the lipid bilayer, is a target for the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine, which inhibit the
protein’s function.

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10
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination

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11
Q

What are the 2 ways an influenza virus can mutate?

A

antigenic drift

antigenic shift

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12
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

in which existing antigens are subtly altered, and

antigenic shift, in which two or more strains combine.

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13
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Causes slight flu mutations year on year, from which
humans have partial, but not complete, immunity. By contrast, the new strain of H1N1 appears to have originated via antigenic shift in Mexican pigs

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14
Q

What mutates in a virus?

A

surface antigens

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15
Q

What are examples of different species harbouring different strains of the flu virus?

A

bird flu
swine flu
human flu

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16
Q

How did swine flu occur? (antigenic shift)

A

Swine serve as “mixing vessels” for the genes of avian, porcine and human forms of the influenza virus. In the host
pig, the avian and mammalian viruses can share (reassort) their genes and so create new strains of flu.
genes from bird and human can infect swine and be a novel virus to a human, causing pandemic.

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17
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

a biological preparation

that improves immunity to a particular disease.

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18
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

A vaccine typically contains a

small amount of an agent that resembles a microorganism.

19
Q

How does a vaccine work?

A

The agent stimulates the body’s immune system
to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters

20
Q

What are some side effects to taking the influenza vaccine?

A

> Swelling, redness, or pain at the injection site.

> Fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches, occurring shortly after vaccine administration

21
Q

What is the structure of influenza neuraminidase?

A 
Crystallographic 
structure of influenza A 
N9 neuraminidase and 
its complex with the 
inhibitor 2-deoxy 2,3-
dehydro-N-acetyl 
neuraminic acid
22
Q

What receptor does the neuraminidase bind to?

A

receptor containing sialic acid

23
Q

What is an antiviral drug that slows down the spread of influenza?

A

Oseltamivir

sold as Tamiflu

24
Q

What is the function of Oseltamivir?

A

slows the spread of influenza virus between cells
in the body by stopping the virus from chemically cutting ties with its host cell. Median
time to symptom alleviation is reduced by 0.5-1 day

25
Q

What influenzas does tamiflu prevent?

A

influenzavirus A and B

26
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

treatment given or action taken to prevent disease.

27
Q

What is Zanamivir?

A

neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Influenzavirus.

28
Q

What is Zanamivir marketed as?

A

trade name: Relenza

29
Q

How does Zanamivir work?

A

Zanamivir works by binding to the active site of neuraminidase, rendering
the influenza virus unable to escape its host cell and infect others.

30
Q

How does Zanamivir reduce symptoms?

A

Zanamivir reduces

the time to symptom resolution by 1.5 days if therapy is started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

31
Q

What strain is easily spread but rarely fatal?

A

H1N1

32
Q

What strain spreads slowly but often fatal?

A

H5N1

33
Q

How can an influenza virus cause life-threatening response?

A

cytokine storm

e.g. in the H5N1 strain (Avian influenza, 1918 pandemic)

34
Q

What causes common symptoms?

A

The huge amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (such as interferon or tumour necrosis factor) produced from influenza-infected cells

35
Q

Does influenza cause tissue damage?

A

YES

Symptoms no entirely due to inflammatory response.

36
Q

What 2 ways are viruses made?

A

Golgi apparatus to make glycoprotein in the surface of the cell.
made in cytoplasmic ribosome, these are then used to make the proteins involved in RNA replication.
Virus then assembles with the matrix protein
the virus makes its way to the cell surface and buds out. and infects additional cells

37
Q

How does the virus get into the cells?

A

Hemaglutanin

38
Q

What is the structure of the hemaglutanin?

A

trimer
globular head
long stalk then small globular region.

39
Q

What region of the HA is interred into the virus membrane?

A

small globular region

40
Q

What is the protease cleavage site?

A

located on the HA stalk
site of cleavage of a cellular protease.
required for a condo change which allows the haemoglutanin to change its structure.
HA fuse with membrane of cell and causes uncaring.

41
Q

How does an antibody stop a virus from binding? (neutralise)

A

bind to sites on the HA to prevent it from binding to host R

42
Q

What site is on the large globular head on HA?

A

sialic acid binding site

43
Q

What undergoes a large confo change when the protease cleavage site is activated?

A

fusion peptide. change from the stalk to the top of protein causing membrane fusion

Biomolecular Mechanisms (34 decks)

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