Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Revision Cards > Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall > Flashcards

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: Where does control of the respiratory rhythm come from?

A

Medulla Oblongata

  • Ventral respiratory group (mostly expiratory firing)
  • Dorsal respiratory group (mostly inspiratory firing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the group pacemaker hypothesis?

A

• Membrane properties of individual neurones and connections between neurones, generate rhythmic bursts of firing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the role o the pontine respiratory group?

A

Fine tunes the respiratory rhythm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the four airway and lung reflexes that fine tune respiration?

A
  • Nose + upper airways; irritant receptors > Vagus nerve.
  • Stretch receptors > Vagus nerve.
  • Irritant receptors > Vagus nerve > Bronchoconstriction.
  • J receptors in alveoli - Engorged capillaries / interstitial fluid > Vagus nerve > Dyspnoea.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the main chemical stimulus for breathing when PaO2 and PaCO2 are normal?

A

Co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: In what situation can O2 directly stimulate breathing?

A

At low levels of PO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the name of scoring system for assessment of sleep apnoea?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the ABG results for a person in Type I respiratory failure?

A

PO2 : Low
PCO2 : Normal (or low)
pH : Normal (or alkalosis)
HCO3 : Normal (or low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the ABG results for a person in Type 2 respiratory failure?

A

PO2 : Low
PCO2 : High
pH : Acidosis (or normal)
HCO3 : High (or normal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the FEV1, FVC and FEV1:FVC in a restrictive lung disease?

A
  • FEV1 and FVC are both reduced since there is a reduced volume.
  • The ratio will therefore be normal (or may increase since FVC is reached quickly).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the three types of Acid Maltase deficiency?

A
  • It is an autosomal recessive disease.
  • Defect of lysosomal enzyme.
  • Causes painless, slow, progress proximal muscle myopathy. (Diaphragm involvement is common, presents with respiratory failure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the three types of Acid Maltase deficiency? Describe each briefly.

A
  • Infantile - Organomegaly, skeletal muscle involvement, CVS, Resp. failure and usually death <2years.
  • Juvenile - limited survival.
  • Adult - Best prognosis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the definition of obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Stopping (or slowing) of breathing during sleep due to obstruction of the upper airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the incidence of OSA?

A

2-5% men and 1-2% of women have OSA worthy of treating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the aetiology of OSA?

A
  • Pharyngeal incompetence brought on by sleep.
  • Periods of arousal from sleep to clear airway.
  • Markedly fragmented sleep.
  • Daytime consequences (Sleepiness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the risk factors for developing OSA?

A
  • Obesity
  • Lower facial shape.
  • Tonsils, Hypothyroid, smoking, acromegaly, nasal problems, alcohol, sedatives, menopause, neuromuscular diseases/stroke.
17
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the distribution of male:female in OSA?

A

M:F, 4:1 > 10:1

18
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the age distribution of OSA?

A

• Can occur at any age, but increases with age and the peak presentation is 40-60 years.

19
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the daytime symptoms of OSA?

A
  • SLEEPINESS
  • Dry mouth
  • Morning Headaches
  • Poor concentration
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety/depression
  • Loss of libido
20
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the night time symptoms of OSA?

A
  • Snoring
  • Choking
  • Nocturia
  • Apnoeas
  • Sweats
  • Restless Sleep
  • Vivid dreams
21
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the laboratory investigations available for OSA? Give a brief description of each.

A
  • Simple oximetry.
  • Embletta - Oximetry, Nasal flow, Snoring, Pulse, Chest movements.
  • Visilab - Observation and data obs. (Sleeping position, Activity, sats, pulse)
  • PSG - Polysomnography, studies EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG.
22
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the management of OSA?

A
  • Address underlying cause (acromegaly, hypothyroidism)
  • Stop evening alcohol and sedatives.
  • Stop smoking.
  • Lose weight.
  • Posture training.
23
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the four functions of the pericardium?

A
  • Stabilisation of the heart within the thoracic cavity, due to its ligamentous attachments.
  • Protection.
  • Pericardial fluid functions as a lubricant.
  • Prevention of excessive dilation of the heart.
24
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the symptoms of reasonably large pericardial effusion?

A
  • Disruption to haemodynamics of heart.
  • SOB
  • Dysphagia
  • Hoarseness
  • Hiccups
25
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the signs on an ECG of a pericardial effusion?

A

Low Voltage.

electrical alternans.

26
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What are the signs of tamponade?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Rales/oedema/ascites
  • Muffled heartsounds
  • pulsus pardoxus
27
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the basic outline of the jugular venous wave form?

A
  • a Wave is first, this is due to contraction of the right atrium.
  • x descent, small descent due to relaxation of the atria.
  • c Wave, not normally visible.
  • x descent, during early stage of systole, fall of R.atrial pressure, floor of RA and tricuspid valve drops due to rv contraction.
  • v Wave, due to continuous filling of right atrium, whilst tricuspid valve is closed.
  • y descent, reduction in right atrium pressure due to opening of tricuspid valve.
28
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: Describe what is occurring during the a Wave of the JVP.

A
  • First positive presystolic wave.
  • Dominant wave in JVP.
  • Due to the contraction of the right atrium.
  • Precedes S1 but comes after the ECG p wave.
29
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: The c Wave of the JVP is not always present, what does it interrupt and what can it signify?

A
  • Appears as a wave during the x descent.
  • Transmitted carotid pulsations.
  • Upward bulge of closed tricuspid valve is isovolumic systole.
30
Q

Week 207 - OSA and Chest Wall: What is the v Wave?

A

• Due to increased pressure in the right atrium due to continuous filling whilst the tricuspid valve is closed.

Revision Cards (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions