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Revision Cards > Week 139 - Influenza > Flashcards

Week 139 - Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Virion?

A

This is the complete virus particle as it exists outside of the cell.

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2
Q

What is the general structure of a virus?

A
  • *• Nuclecapsid - **This is the genome and the capsid.
  • Genome - Genetic information
  • Capsid - Protein coat for the genome made of of capsomeres.
  • *• Envelope - **Not always present, some viruses are ‘naked’.
  • Lipid bilayer, formed from host cell.
  • Protein and glycoprotein spikes.
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3
Q

How may the genetic material in a virus be stored?

A

The Genome

May be RNA or DNA
May be Single stranded or Double Stranded
May be +ve or -ve

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4
Q

What is the significance if a virus stores its genetic information in +ve stranded RNA?

A

It can be directly translated into a protein, whilst a -ve strand needs to be transcribed first.

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5
Q

What family of DNA viruses are single-stranded and enveloped? Give an example of this family and what it causes.

A

Parvoviridae

  • Parvovirus B19 - Causes ‘slapped cheek syndrome’, (Erythema infectiosum).
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6
Q

What family of viruses does the Parvovirus B19 belong to? And what does it cause?

A

Parvoviridae family, Single-stranded, enveloped DNA virus.

Causes ‘slapped cheek’ syndrome (Erythema infectorium - A rash in children, dangerous during pregnancy and sickle cell.

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7
Q

Which three familys of viruses are Double stranded, DNA and enveloped?

A
  • Hepadnaviridae
  • Herpesviridae
  • Poxviridae
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8
Q

How is the genetic information stored in the hepadnaviridae family of viruses? Give examples.

A

Double stranded, DNA, Enveloped.

• Hepatitis B

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9
Q

Hepatitis B belongs to which family of viruses?

A

Hepadnaviridae (Double stranded, DNA, Enveloped)

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10
Q

What are the qualities of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and give some examples.

A

Double stranded, DNA, Enveloped.

  • Herpes simplex
  • Herpes Zoster
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Epstein-Barr virus
  • Human Herpesvirus 6,7 +8.
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11
Q

What family of viruses does herpes simplex belong to? What does it cause?

A

Herpesviridae (Double stranded,DNA,Enveloped)

Oral and genital ulcers.

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12
Q

What family of viruses does herpes zoster belong to? What does it cause?

A

Herpesviridae (DNA, Double-stranded, Enveloped)

Chickenpox and Shingles.

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13
Q

What family of viruses does cytomegalovirus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Herpesviridae (DNA, Double-stranded, Enveloped)

CMV infections, normally affect salivary glands and is asymptomatic but can be life-threatening during pregnancy and immuno-suppression.

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14
Q

What family of viruses does the Epstein-Barr virus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Herpesviridae (Double-stranded, DNA, Enveloped)

Glandular fever.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the poxviridae family of viruses? Give examples.

A

Double-stranded, DNA, Enveloped

  • Molluscum Contagiosum
  • Variola/Vaccina
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16
Q

What family of viruses to Molluscum Contagiosum belong to? What does it cause?

A

Poxviridae (DNA, Double-stranded, Enveloped)

Molluscum Contagiosum - common in children.

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17
Q

What family does the Variola/Vaccina virus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Poxviridae (DNA, Double-stranded, Enveloped)

Smallpox/ cowpox.

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18
Q

Which 2 viruses are DNA, Double-stranded but non-eveloped?

A
  • Adenovirus
  • Papillomavirus
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the Adenovirus and what does it cause?

A

DNA, Double Stranded, Non-enveloped.

• URTIs and Gastroenteritis

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the Papillomavirus and what does it cause?

A

DNA, Double-stranded, Non-Enveloped

• Warts

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21
Q

What are the three virus families that are -ve single stranded RNA and Enveloped?

A
  • Orthomyxoviridae
  • Paramyxoviridae
  • Rhabdoviridae
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses and give an example.

A
  • RNA, -ve single-stranded, Enveloped.
  • Influenza
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23
Q

What family of viruses does influenza belong to?

A

Orthromyxoviridae (RNA, -ve singlestranded, Enveloped)

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses and give some examples.

A

RNA, -ve single-stranded, Enveloped

  • Respiratory Synctial Virus
  • Parainfluenza Virus
  • Measles Virus

Mumps Virus

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25
Q

What family does the Respiratory Syncytial virus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Paramyxoviridae (RNA, -ve Single-stranded, Enveloped)

• RTIs, esp. Bronchiliotis

26
Q

What family does the Parainfluenza virus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Paramyxoviridae (RNA, -ve Single-Stranded, Enveloped)

  • RTIs esp. Croup
  • URTIs causing barking cough
27
Q

What family do the Measles and Mumps viruses belong to?

A

Paramyxoviridae (RNA, -ve Single-stranded, Enveloped)

28
Q

What virus is a member of the Rhabdovirus family and what are the characteristics of the family?

A

Rabies

RNA, -ve single-stranded, enveloped.

29
Q

Which three viral families are +ve RNA, single-stranded and non-enveloped?

A
  • Calciviridae
  • Picomviridae
  • Astroviridae
30
Q

What are the characteristics of the Calciviridae family of viruses? Give examples.

A

RNA, +ve single-stranded, non-enveloped.

• Norovirus

31
Q

What family does the norovirus belong to?

A

Calciviridae

RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Non-enveloped

32
Q

What are the characteristics of the Picomviridae virus? Give examples.

A

RNA, +ve single-stranded, non-enveloped.

  • Poliovirus
  • Rhinovirus
  • Coxsachie virus
33
Q

What family does the poliovirus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Picomviridae (RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Non-enveloped)

• Poliomyelitis - Motorneurone damage and parlysis.

34
Q

What family does the Rhinovirus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Picomviridae (RNA, +ve single-stranded, Non-enveloped)

• Common cold

35
Q

What family does the Coxsachie virus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Picomviridae (RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Non-enveloped)

  • Hand, Foot and mouth in children.
  • Gastroenteritis.
36
Q

What are the characteristics of the astroviridae family? Give examples.

A

RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Non-enveloped.

• Astrovirus

37
Q

What family does the astrovirus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Astroviridae (RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Non-enveloped)

Gastroenteritis

38
Q

Which three viral families are RNA, +ve single-stranded, Enveloped?

A
  • Flaviviridae
  • Retroviridae
  • Togaviridae
39
Q

What are the charactistics of the Flaviviridae family? Give examples.

A

RNA, +ve Single-Stranded, Enveloped

• Dengue, West Nile, Yellow, Hepatitis C

40
Q

What are the characterisitics of the Retroviridae family? Give an example.

A

RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Enveloped

• HIV

41
Q

What are the characteristics of the Togaviridae family of viruses? Give examples.

A

RNA, +ve Single-stranded, Enveloped

• Rubella virus

42
Q

Which family of viruses is Double-stranded RNA, Non-enveloped? Give examples.

A

Reoviridae

• Rotavirus

43
Q

Which family does the Rotavirus belong to? What does it cause?

A

Reoviridae (RNA, Double-stranded, Non-Enveloped)

Gastroenteritis

44
Q

What are the six stages of viral replication?

A

1)

45
Q

What are the two mechanisms for the attachment stage of viral replication?

A
  • Attachment structures on virion surface - Glycoproteins, caspid proteins.
  • Host Receptor Molecules - A virus might mimic a host hormones etc.
46
Q

What are the three mechanisms for the penetration stage of viral replication?

A

1) Receptor mediated endocytosis
2) Membrane fusion
3) Viral translocation

47
Q

What occurs during the uncoating stage of viral replication?

A

Capsid is disasembled in order to expose the genome.

48
Q

What are the stages in genome replication and protein production in **DNA **viruses?

A
  • Early protein production
  • Viral DNA production
  • Late protein production
  • Nucleocapsid assembly
49
Q

What are the two major problems that **RNA **viruses face during genomic replication and protein synthesis?

A

1) The vRNA cannot be copied directly by host machinary.
2) Each molecule of vRNA can only be translated into one protein.

50
Q

vRNA cannot be copied by the host machinary. How do viruses resolve this problem?

A
  • Have their own RNA-polymerase
  • Have their own RNA-transciptase
  • Contain a gene to produce RNA-polymerase (can only occur in +ve strands)
51
Q

How are non-enveloped viruses released from the cell?

A

Can only occur through cell lysis.

52
Q

What is disseminated infection?

A

This refers to a viral infection where the site of entry, site of replication and site of shedding are not all the same.

E.g. Measles

53
Q

What is a latent infection?

A

This is a persistant infection without symptoms and without spread.

54
Q

What is a subclinical viral infection?

A

This is a persistant infection without symptoms but it may be transmitted.

55
Q

What is an insidiour infection?

A

This a viral infection with a long incubation period before symptoms appear.

56
Q

What is the broad strategy of an antiviral?

A

They interfere with the viral replication cycle.

  • Attachment
  • Uncoating
  • Replication
  • Release
57
Q

How does Amatidine work as a anti-viral?

A

It targets uncoating, by blocking H+ channels which reduce the pH to prevent the virus from uncoating.

58
Q

Aciclovir: An antiviral, how does it work? Side-effects? Used on?

A

Metabolised by viral enzyme to become activated and then terminates DNA chain by mimicking Guanine but not allowing next base to bind.

  • Side-effects are minimal as only becomes active in infected cells.
  • Hepes simplex and Varicella Zoster
59
Q

Which drug is used to treat herpes simplex and varicella zoster?

A

Aciclovir

60
Q

Glanciclovir: An antiviral, mechanism? Side-effects? Indications?

A

Same mechanism as Aciclovir, it causes DNA termination due to mimicking guanine. However, it works in all cells, does not need to be activated by virus.

  • Side-effects: Widespread and unpleasant, particulary affects red blood cell production.
  • Used in CMV and very dangerous infections.
61
Q

What are Oseltamivir and Zantamivir?

A

Antivirals, Oseltamivir is tablet whilst Zantamivir is inhaled.

  • Used against influenza in high-risk patients or during pandemics.
  • Inhibits neuraminidase an enzyme required for the release of virals.

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