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Revision Cards > Week 114 - Pregnancy > Flashcards

Week 114 - Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy: Which two muscles make up the inside walls of the pelvis?

A

The piriformis and the obturator internus.

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2
Q

Pregnancy: The pelvic floor can be divided into which two triangles?

A

Anal triangle and urogenital triangle.

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3
Q

Pregnancy: What is the arbitrary line that divides the anal triangle and the urogenital triangle?

A

A line between the ischial tuberosities.

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4
Q

Pregnancy: Which two groups can the muscles of the urogenital triangle be divided into?

A

Deep and superficial.

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5
Q

Pregnancy: Which muscles make up the deep group of the urogenital triangle?

A

Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus and superficial tranverse perineal muscles.

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6
Q

Pregnancy: Which muscles make up the superficial group of the urogenital triangle?

A

Deep tranverse perineal muscles and urethral sphincter.

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7
Q

Pregnancy: Which two layers of fascia separate the deep and superficial groups of the urogenital triangle?

A

The superior fascia and the perineal membrane.

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8
Q

Pregnancy: Which two muscles make up the anal triangle of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator Ani and coccygeus.

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9
Q

Pregnancy: The levator ani is the most important muscle in the pelvic floor, what three parts is it made up of?

A
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Ischialcoccygeus
  • Puborectalis
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10
Q

Pregnancy: What are the four functions of the levator ani?

A

1) Forms a muscular sling for supporting the abdominopelvic viscera.
2) Resists increases in intra-abdominal pressure.
3) Raises the pelvic floor to assist in compression of the pelvis and abdomen.
4) Assists in voluntary control of urination, faecal continence and defaecation.

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11
Q

What is the graphical representation of the progression of labour called?

A

A Partogram.

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12
Q

A partogram is the graphical representation of the progression of labour, what information does it have on it?

A
  • Dilation of the cervix against time.
  • Contractions
  • Foetal heart rate.
  • Liquor
  • Moulding
  • Descent.
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13
Q

What is full dilation of the cervix?

A

10cm

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14
Q

During labour at which rate of dilation is desired?

A

1cm/hr. However, the nice guidlines state 0.5cm/hr.

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15
Q

What is the maximum amount of contractions that is desired?

A

No more than 5 per 10min.

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16
Q

What is the range of a normal foetal HR?

A

110-160

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17
Q

What is liquor?

A

It is the amniotic fluid it should be clear but can be stained by meconium and turn pea green.

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18
Q

What is meconium?

A

It is the babies bowel movement.

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19
Q

What is the name of a babies bowel movement?

A

Meconium.

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20
Q

What drug can be administered to make contractions more regular and efficient?

A

Syntocinin (Synthetic oxytocin).

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21
Q

What drug can be administered to soften the cervix?

A

Prostin.

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22
Q

What is Prostin used for during labour?

A

To soften the cervix.

23
Q

What is moulding?

A

This is the overlapping of the parietal bones. There are three degrees; • No moulding • 2nd degree and • 3rd degree

24
Q

What is 2nd degree moulding?

A

The parietal bones overlap but they can be slid back into position.

25
Q

What is 3rd degree moulding?

A

This is when the parietal bones overlap and they cannot be moved.

26
Q

How is descent of the foetus measured?

A
  • This is known as the station of the head.
  • The relation of the head to the ischial spines.
  • When the head is level it is said to be zero.
  • When the head is above it can be -1,-2,-3,-4cm
  • When it is below it can be +1,+2,+3cm
27
Q

What is the 1st stage of labour?

A
  • From the onset of labour to cervix fully dilated.
  • A) Latent - onset of labour to cervix fully effaced.
  • B) Active - Cervical dilation
28
Q

What is effacement?

A

Incorporation of the cervix into the lower segment of the uterus at the internal os.

29
Q

What is the 2nd stage of labour?

A

Full dilation until delivery of the baby.
• A) Propulsive - full dilation > head to the pelvic floor.
• B) Expulsive

30
Q

What is the 3rd stage of labour?

A

Expulsion of the placenta.

31
Q

What is the method for controlled cord traction?

A

Brandt-Andrews method.

32
Q

What is the mechanism of normal labour?

A
  • Head is at pelvic brim in left occipital lateral position.
  • Neck flexes so the presenting diameter is suboccipito-bregmatic.
  • Head rotates to occipto anterior.
  • Head delivers by extension.
  • Head restitutes.
  • Anterior shoulder slips under pubis and is born by lateral extension.
33
Q

What is restitution?

A

This is the head comes into line with the shoulders.

34
Q

What is caput?

A

The normal oedema of the scalp.

35
Q

What is the lie of the baby?

A

This is the position of the baby in relation to the mothers spine.
• Longitudinal (in line)
• Oblique
• Transverse.

36
Q

What is the presentation of a foetus?

A

This is the part of the foetus in the lower pole of the uterus.
• Cephalic
• Vertex-very top of head
• Breech

37
Q

What is the attitude of the foetus?

A

This is the posture of the neck of the foetus; either flexion, deflexion or extension.

38
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Slow labour.

39
Q

What is operculum?

A

This is also known as a ‘show’. A blood stained mucus discharge that signifies the onset of labour in 2/3 women.

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a primigravid?

A
  • Unique psychological experience.
  • Inefficient uterine action.
  • Rupture of uterus virtually unknown.
  • Risk of cephalopelvic disproportion and foetal trauma.
41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a multigrad?

A
  • Uterine action efficient - dystocia is rare.
  • Risk of uterine rupture.
  • Disproportion and trauma are rare if mother has had a previous vaginal delivery.
42
Q

At which point is the foetal head said to be engaged?

A

When there is no more than 2/5 palpable per abdomen.

43
Q

What is the best position for a head to be in?

A

Direct Occipital Anterior

44
Q

What is the measurement for foetal head in the DOA position?

A

Subocciptal-bregmatic - 9.5cm

45
Q

What is the measurement for foetal head diameter when in DOP position?

A

Occipital-frontal diameter - 10.5-11.5cm.

46
Q

What drug is used for post-partum haemorrhage?

A

Ergometrine.

47
Q

Which drug is given for the active management of the third stage of labour?

A

Syntometrine.

48
Q

What is the name of the scoring system used to assess the health of the baby after it has been delivered?

A

Apgar Scoring System.

49
Q

What are the name of the lines that appear on a pregnant abdomen?

A

Striae Gravidarum

50
Q

What is the name of the dark line down the middle of the abdomen that occurs in 3/4 of pregnancies?

A

Linea nigra

51
Q

What scar is produced by a caesarian section?

A

Pfannenstiel incision

52
Q

What is Naegles rule?

A

A method of calculating EDD depending on length of menstrual cycle.
• If 28 day cycle - Add 9 months and 1 week to LMP.
• If 35 day cycle - Add 9 months and 2 weeks to LMP.

53
Q

What are the main symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

A
  • Proteinurea
  • High BP
  • sometimes oedema.
54
Q

What are the four components of the Quadruple test?

A
  • BhCG
  • uE3
  • AFP
  • Inhibin A

Revision Cards (61 decks)

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