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Epithelial > Week 20 (upper GI tract anatomy part 2) > Flashcards

Week 20 (upper GI tract anatomy part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the oesophagus

A

25 cm long

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2
Q

at what cerebral levels does the oesophagus begin and end

A

C2->T10

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3
Q

within the epithelium of the oesophagus what is the epithelial structure of the mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

in the mucosa what cells help in immunity in the GI tract

A

langherhans cells

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5
Q

within the mucosa, what glands help the lamina propria in lubricating boluses of food

A

cardiac glands

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6
Q

cardiac glands in what layer help lubricate boluses of food (with thick mucus)

A

lamina propria

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7
Q

why is the lamina propria fibroelastic

A

needs to resist abrasive forces

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8
Q

what gland is situated in the submucosa in the epithelium of the oesophagus

A

oesophageal glands

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9
Q

within the oesophageal epithelium why is the muscularis externa unique

A

the upper 1/3rd contains skeletal muscle

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10
Q

how is the muscularis externa in the oesophagus structured

A

upper 1/3rd skeletal muscle
middle 1/3rd skeletal smooth muscle
lower 1/3rd smooth muscle

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11
Q

the muscularis externa contributes to what movement of boluses

A

peristaltic

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12
Q

the muscularis externa contributes to peristaltic movement of boluses of food from where to where

A

oropharynx to stomach

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13
Q

reflux of a bolus is prevented by what

A

sphincters

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14
Q

facilitating peristalsis (pinching motion) occurs in what direction

A

from head down to anus

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15
Q

what is the role of the upper and lower sphincters

A

to prevent accidental aspiration and prevent reflux of boluses

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16
Q

why does the lower sphincter close after bolus of food passes

A

closes to keep the acid in stomach

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17
Q

what happens if there is an issue with the lower sphincter (not closing properly)

A

leads to metaplasia of stratified epithelium
->adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

how can barrett’s oesophagus be classified

A

metaplasia of oesophageal epithelium in lower portion of the oesophagus

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19
Q

in barrett’s epithelium how does the epithelial structure change

A

stratified columnar epithelium -> simple columnar epithelium

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20
Q

in Barrett’s oesophagus premalignant changes can lead to development of what

A

adenocarcinoma

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21
Q

how is the anatomy of the stomach divided

A

4 regions
fundus
cardia
body pyloric (antrum and canal)

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22
Q

what is the vertebral level the stomach reaches

A

T10 - L1

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23
Q

the stomach can be thrown into folds by what

A

muscularis externa

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24
Q

what sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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25
Q

what acid is secreted from the cells in the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

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26
Q

within the epithelium of the stomach the mucosa can be thrown into folds called what

A

rugae

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27
Q

gastric pits are present in what layer of the epithelium

A

mucosa

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28
Q

the gastric pits in the stomach are composed how of many different cell types

A

5

29
Q

what are the 5 different cell types that compose the gastric pits in the stomach

A

superficial epithelial cell
mucous neck cell
stem/progenitor cell
parietal cell
chief cell
enteroendocrine cell

30
Q

what are the 3 functions of the gastric pits

A

secrete:
HCl
Mucus
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

31
Q

in the stomach, what does the cardia primarily secrete

A

mucus

32
Q

in the stomach, what does the fundus and the body primarily secrete

A

mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen

33
Q

in the stomach, what does the pylorus primarily secrete

A

gastrin and somatostatin

34
Q

what do superficial epithelial cells secrete

A

visible mucus and bicarbonate

35
Q

in the stomach epithelium, what do the superficial epithelial cells do

A

retain secreted bicarbonate at the apical surface of the stomach epithelium to prevent autodigestion

36
Q

what allows the mucus to stick to the epithelium of the stomach and allows the bicarbonate to stick there

A

thick and sticky

37
Q

what is the role of bicarbonate in the stomach

A

acts as a buffer in the stomach so the stomach doesnt digest itself

38
Q

where are mucous neck cells located

A

in the “neck” of the gastric pit

39
Q

what do mucous neck cells secerete

A

soluble mucous

40
Q

what is the role of the soluble mucus that mucous neck cells secrete

A

lubricates and reduces friction

41
Q

mucous neck cells secrete a more soluble viscous mucus that help with digesting what kind of food

A

rough food such as salt and vinegar crisps

42
Q

what is the purpose of stem/progenitor cells

A

dont secrete anything but can proliferate to replace all cell types in epithelium of stomach

43
Q

how often do stem/progenitor cells proliferate to replace new cells

A

every couple of days

44
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

45
Q

what are the 2 states of parietal cells

A

resting and active

46
Q

how does HCl worl

A

steralises food and aids in digestion

47
Q

what is the structure of parietal cells

A

atypical and pyramidal

48
Q

when would a parietal cell be in a resting state

A

between meals

49
Q

when would a parietal cell be active

A

once you have had a meal

50
Q

what happens when a parietal cell is in its active state

A

villi like structures form along the apical membrane and increases the Surface area of the cells

51
Q

what are chief cells responsible for secreting

A

pespsinogen and lipase

52
Q

what membrane domain are chief cells located on

A

apical membrane

53
Q

what secretory vesicles are chief cells containing

A

zg secretory vesicles

54
Q

in chief cells, what is the role of pepsinogen

A

breaksdown peptides and proteins

55
Q

in chief cells, what is the role of lipase

A

breakdown of lipids or fats

56
Q

what are some characteristics of the submucosa in the stomach

A

dense and irregular and rich with vascular and lymphatic supply

57
Q

how many layers in the muscularis externa in the epithelium of the stomach made up of

A

3

58
Q

what are the 3 layers that make up the muscularis externa in the epithelium of the stomach

A

innermost oblique layer
middle circular layer
outer longitudinal layer

59
Q

what are characteristics of the serosa in the epithelium of the stomach

A

very thin, simple squamous epithelium
capacity to secrete lubricating factors that help churn the stomach

60
Q

why is there rich vascular supply and lymphatic supply in the submucosa in the epithelium of the stomach

A

contraction of muscle which coordinates the ability to churn
immune cells to deal with threats

61
Q

what is the product of surface epithelial cells

A

visible mucus and bicarbonate

62
Q

what is the product of mucous neck cells

A

soluble mucous

63
Q

what is the product of parietal cells

A

HCL and intrinsic factor

64
Q

what is the product of chief cells

A

pepsinogen and lipase

65
Q

what is the prodcut of D cells

A

somatostatin

66
Q

what is the product of G cells

A

Gastrin

67
Q

what causes gastric ulcers

A

infection with H. Pylori

68
Q

what is a gastric ulcer

A

disruption of gastric epithelium and inflammatory changes lead to ulceration

69
Q

what can cause gastric ulcers

A

overuse of NSAID’s
(ibuprofen) and anti-inflammatory drugs

Epithelial (12 decks)

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