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Epithelial > week 19 (skin) the integumentary system > Flashcards

week 19 (skin) the integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest organ in the human body

A

skin

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2
Q

name some key roles the skin plays

A

protection from external environment
sensory
absorption (IV = vit D synthesis)
secretion (sweat, electrolytes, sebaceous oils, pheromones)
body temperature regulation (high surface area to body volume)
body reservoir
aesthetics

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3
Q

how many layers are there in the skin

A

3

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4
Q

what are the three layers of the skin (outer to innermost

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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5
Q

name 4 characteristics of the epidermis

A

outermost layer
epithelial
non vascular
protective

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6
Q

name 5 characteristics of the dermis

A

fibrous connective tissue
epithelial gland structures (sweat and sebaceous glands)
smooth muscle
vascular
sensory

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7
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis

A

fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

what are the 2 epithelial gland structures in the dermis

A

sweat glands
sebaceous glands

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9
Q

which of the three layers in the epithelial system is not actually skin

A

hypodermis

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10
Q

name 4 characteristics of the hypodermis

A

not skin
protective
adipose and loose
connective tissue

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11
Q

structure of epidermis is composed of what kind of epithelium

A

thick keratinised squamous epithelium

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12
Q

how many layers are there in the epidermis

A

5

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13
Q

in the epidermis, it is consisted of how many epithelial cell types

A

4

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14
Q

what are the 5 layers in the epidermis (innermost to outermost)

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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15
Q

what are the 4 cell types in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells
merkel cells

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16
Q

in the stratum basale what occurs

A

cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the superficial strata

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17
Q

what occurs in the stratum spinosum

A

keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate

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18
Q

what occurs stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin and a hard protein envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids and die

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19
Q

what is the envelope that is formed in the stratum granulosum (within the epidermis) composed of

A

keratohyalin and a hard protein envelope

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20
Q

in the stratum lucidum what do the dead cells contain

A

dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin’s

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21
Q

what occurs in the stratum corneum

A

dead cells with a hard protein envelope - the cell contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids

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22
Q

in the epidermis, what is the role of keratinocytes

A

produce keratin and are the primary cell os epidermis

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23
Q

keratinocytes are the key cell involved in what

A

wound healing

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24
Q

keratinocytes are connected by what

A

desmosomes

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25
Q

filaggrin causes keratin fibres to what

A

dimerise (keratinisation)

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26
Q

what protein causes keratin to dimerise (keratinisation)

A

filaggrin

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27
Q

mutations in profilaggrin cause what condition

A

eczema

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28
Q

in the epidermis, the granule layer is composed of what 3 types of keratin

A

1, 2, 10

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29
Q

in the spinous layer, as cells grow upwards, they express what enzyme to cross link junction complexes

A

transglutaminases

30
Q

in the spinous layer, as cells grow upwards they express transglutaminases which does what

A

cross link junction complexes

31
Q

in the cornified layer within the stratum corneum, cells die and the cornified layer forms. Fillagrin is hydrolysed to what

A

amino acids

32
Q

in the cornified layer within the stratum corneum, cells die and the cornified layer forms. Fillagrin is hydrolysed amino acids which form what

A

a protective water proof barrier

33
Q

in the epidermis, what is the role of melanocytes

A

produce pigment - melanin

34
Q

where are melanocytes located

A

stratum basale

35
Q

what are merkel cells

A

neuroepithelial cells associated with sensory nerve ending

36
Q

what do merkel cells act as

A

mechanoreceptors

37
Q

what neurotransmitter are used by merkel cells

A

glutamate

38
Q

what are merkel cells sensitive to

A

shear and pressure

39
Q

where are langerhan’s cells made (and where do they migrate to)

A

bone marrow and migrate to epidermis

40
Q

how do langerhans cells function

A

as macrophage like antigen presenting cells (activate T cells)

41
Q

how is melanin synthesised

A

tyrosinase
conversion of tyrosine through multiple reactions to o-Quinone and ultimately melanin

42
Q

when melanin is converted from tyrosinase where does this occur

A

melanocytes

43
Q

in what step in melanin synthesis decides if you are black/white

A

dopaquinone (lack of enzymes)

44
Q

in melanin synthesis production of eumelanin ends in what colour

A

black

45
Q

in melanin synthesis production of pheomelanin end in what colour

A

red

46
Q

does UVA or UVB have a longer wavelegth

A

UVA

47
Q

UVA penetrates what layer of the skin

A

dermis

48
Q

what layer of the skin does UVB causes sunburn and penetrates what layer of the skin

A

epidermis

49
Q

how is alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone synthesised and released

A

damaged dermal cells

50
Q

how many transmembrane subunits are there in the MC1R

A

7

51
Q

MC1R activated MITF transcription factor where

A

in melanocytes

52
Q

In melanocytes, MC1R activates what

A

MITF transcription factor

53
Q

where us the alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone produced

A

dermis

54
Q

the MC1R drives expression of what

A

tyrosinase, DCT, and TRP1 (favouring eumalanin black synthesis

55
Q

how can you develop carotene

A

from diet
deposited in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis as a yellow-orange colour

56
Q

how can you develop erythema

A

re-direction of blood flow to superficial skin capillaries due to irritation, infection or as part of a response to fever

57
Q

how does blushing occur

A

catecholamines induced vasodilation which pushes blood to skin surface in well perfused areas of skin

58
Q

how do you develop jaundice

A

liver disease releases bile pigments to blood which are deposited in the hypodermis and the cornea of the eye giving a yellow colour

59
Q

how does bruising develop

A

injury to capillaries of dermis and hypodermis results in deposits of bilirubin in skin which cause colours of bruise (blue/orange/green)

60
Q

the strength of the dermis comes what 2 layers

A

papilary and reticular

61
Q

in what direction is eccrine (merocrine) secreted

A

exocytosis

62
Q

what does apocrine secrete

A

lipid, protein, and amino acid laden

63
Q

what skin appendage gland is often waxy

A

holocrine

64
Q

nails are composed of what

A

keratin

65
Q

what do nails do

A

protects tips from damage and aids in precision of movement

66
Q

what are the three phases of hair growth

A

rest (telogen)
growth (anagen)
cessation (catagen)

67
Q

how many phases are there in hair growth

A

3

68
Q

what is hair composed of

A

keratin

69
Q

what does hair aid in

A

thermoregulation

70
Q

how many skin glands are there

A

5

71
Q

what are the 5 types of skin glands

A

eccrine sweat glands
apocrine
sebaceous glands
ceruminous glands
mammary glands

Epithelial (12 decks)

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