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week 19 structure of epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

what domains are cells made up of that are polarised (orientated) the same way throughout the epithelial sheet

A

apical and basolateral

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2
Q

cells sit next to eachother and attach to a thin, fibrous_____

A

basement membrane

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3
Q

epithelia line the surfaces of ____-

A

cavities and structures

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4
Q

epithelial sheets lack

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

epithelial sheets can contain nerves that allow what

A

neural contribution to sensation, absorption, protection and secretion

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6
Q

in development, epithelia act in conjunction with what other tissue type

A

mesenchyme

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7
Q

in development, epithelia act in conjunction with mesenchyme (another tissue type) to form what

A

nearly every organ in the body

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8
Q

if a cell is cuboidal what does this mean

A

cube shaped

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9
Q

if a cell is columnar what does this mean

A

rectangular

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10
Q

if a cell is squamous what does this mean

A

flat

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11
Q

if a cell is simple epithelium what does this mean

A

single layer

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12
Q

if a cell is stratisfied epithelium what does this mean

A

several layers

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13
Q

if a cell is pseudo-stratified epithelium what does this mean

A

one cell, layers of varying heights

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14
Q

if a cell is ciliated what does this mean

A

primary cilia and motile cilia

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15
Q

if a cell is described with neural connections what does this mean

A

form sn eural connections

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16
Q

if a cell is described as mucus secreting what does this mean

A

gobelt cells

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17
Q

for example, if a cell was described as pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium, what does this mean

A

cells of varying height but all with single attached to basement membrane

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18
Q

in lung neuroepithelial bodies what are the epithelial functions

A

chemosensing and regulation of breathing

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19
Q

in kiney nephrons and collecting duct what are the epithelial functions

A

ion transport]fluid homeostasis
hormone secretion
acid base balance

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20
Q

in the gut mucosa, how is the cell epithelium described (structure)

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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21
Q

what is the epithelial function of the gut mucosa

A

ion transport
fluid homeostasis
mucus and digestive enzyme secretion
nutrition absorption

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22
Q

how is the epithelium structure of the blood brain barrier described

A

endothelial interaction with astrocytes

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23
Q

what is the blood brain barrier’s endothelium astrocyte interactions

A

ion transport
fluid homeostasis
selective hormone signaling

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24
Q

why is polarity crucial for function

A

gives direction to the transport of ions and nutrients
specialisation of funtion at one end of cell
supprt formation of complex architectural shapes

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25
loss of polarity is key to _____
disease
26
microvilli gives the apical membrane of the cell increased ______ to increase interactions with external environment
surface area
27
how mnany layers are there in the epithelial cell junctions
5
28
what are the 5 layers in the epithelial cell junctions
adherens junction tight junctions desmosome junction gap junction hemidesmosome junction A T D G H
29
what are cadherins (in adherens junction)
cell adhesion proteins
30
what are cadherins fundamental for
multicellular (metazoan life)
31
Ca2+ - dependant homodimerizations between extracellular domains does what
holds cells in contact
32
carboxy terminus is anchor for what 4 things
p120 alpha beta gamma (catenin)
33
p120 is a what
prototypical catenin isoform
34
what does p120 do
stabalise adherens junctions and initiates formation of other junction complexes
35
alpha-catenin forms what
a homodimer
36
alpha-catenin forms a homodimer that anchors what
actin filaments to the membrane
37
beta-catenin is released from _____ by _______
E-cadherin by proteolysis
38
beta-cadherin is releaased from £-cadherin by proteolysis and acts as a what
nuclear signal to stimulate loss of polarity and cell growth
39
gamma-cadherin (plakoglobin) does what to junction complexes
alters junction complexes
40
gamma-cadherin alters typ of junction complexes and is common to what
desmosomes
41
F actin forms supporting ____ structure around what
belt inner cell membrane
42
if adherens junction disrupted ____ Catenin move to nucleus and does what
beta promotes cell growth and loss of polarity (cancer)
43
Junction complexes stabilise what
cell structure and inhibit cell passage
44
junction complexes stabilise cell structure and inhibit cell cycle passage by -
sequestering key transcription factors
45
what type of tight junctions form the apical side of adherens junction and creates an impermeable barrier that blocks intracellular movement of molecules between cells and acts as a fence to separate the apical and basolateral membranes
zona occludens
46
basic unit of tight junction is what
occluden
47
homedimerization of occluden extracellular domains forms what
impermeable seal between cells
48
ransmembrane occluden domains seperate what
apical and basolateral membranes
49
transmembrane occludens domains seperate apical and basolateral domains, what does this prevent
prevents movement of proteins between these membranes
50
zona occludens proteins anchor what
cytoskeltal proteins (actin and tubulin) to the tight junction complex
51
microvilli are supported by actin anchored to where
actin ring
52
phosphoinositide-3kinase (PI3K) and its inhibter (PTEN) regulate what
phosphoinotiside (Ptdlns) content of apical and basolateral membranes
53
Par3 recruits PTEN to where
tight junction
54
PTEN enriches what and where
PIP2 in apical membrane
55
PI3K localises to where
adherens junctions
56
PI3K enriches PIP3 to where
Basolateral membrane
57
____ form loose junctions between cells enabling cell shape to distort without tearing during mechanical stress
desmosomes
58
desmosomes form what
loose junctions between cells enabling cell shape to distort without tearing due to mechanical stress
59
where are desmosomes most commonly expressed
cells exposed to stretch and shear (lower airway of lung)
60
what are desmosomal junctions composed of
cadherin family proteins desmoglein desmocollin
61
desmoglein and desmocollin are anchored in the membrane by what
plakoglobin and plakophillin heterodimers
62
desmoplakin binds desmin and cytoskeltal protein to where
desmosome junction complex
63
desmoplakin binds what to proteins to the desmosome junction complex
desmin and cytoskeletal protein
64
gap junctions are formed from what
hexamers of connexin proteins
65
gap junctions function as what
channels that connect the cytoplasm of one cell to another
66
gap junctions are channels that connect the cytoplasm of one cell to another so that they establish what
planar cell polarity (PCP)
67
how many connexins form a hemi channel
6
68
extracellular connexin loops link hemi channels between ____
neighbouring cells
69
channel pore facilitates electric and metabolic coupling between what
cells
70
channel pore facilitates ____ and _____ coupling between cells
electric and metabolic
71
what are the major components of the basement membrane (hemidesmosome)
laminin integrins collagens fibronectin nidogen perlecan
72
what is the role of laminin in the hemidesmosome
primary organiser of the BM proteins and froms the lamina densa
73
what is the role of integrins in the hemidesmosome
expressed on basolateral side of cell and form lamina lucida - binds to lamina
74
what is the role of collagens and fibronectin in the hemidesmosome
chicken wire like meshwork that gives BM tensile strength
75
what is the role of nidogen and perlecan in the hemidesmosome
link leminin to collagen and fibronectin
76
mutations that cause cancer can disrupt the association of PTEN with what and where
Par3 at tight junctions
77
loss of PIP2/PIP3 signature of apical and basolateral membranes disrupts what (2)
intracellular trafficking and polarity
78
degradation of E cadherin releases what
Beta-catenin
79
degradation of E-cadherin releases Beta-catenin which enters where and increases what
the nucleus and increases cell growth by activating LEF-1/TCF driven expression of cell cycle genes
80
activation of an autoimmune response which disrupts ________ enhancing pathological paracellular support
tight junction barrier
81
gluten in diet stimulates _____ secretion from where
zonulin gut epithelium
82
gluten in diet stimulates zonulin secretion from gut epithelium which opens
tight junctions
83
gluten enters the blood stream and promotes what
an autoimmune response which degrades the gut epithelial barrier and further exacerbates immune response
84
gluten enters the blood stream and promotes an autoimmune response which degrades the gut epithelial barrier and further exacerbates immune response by
augmenting T cell recruitment
85
in ehlaors danlos what causes the mutation
collagen
86
in EDS the mutation in collagen genes disrupts epithelial adhesions to the basement membrane resulting in what
hyper flexible joints and loss of cell polarity

Epithelial (12 decks)

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