the integumentary system

Question 1

what are some key roles the skin plays a part in

Answer 1

protection from external environment
sensory
absorption
secretion
body temp regulation

Question 2

what are the 3 layers to the skin (outermost to innermost)

Answer 2

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

Question 3

what are 4 charcterostics of the epidermis

Answer 3

outermost layer
epithelial
non vascular
protective

Question 4

what kind of tissue makes up the dermis

Answer 4

fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

what are the two gland structures present in the dermis

Answer 5

sweat and sebaceous

Question 6

what systems are involved in the dermis

Answer 6

vascular and sensory

Question 7

what are some charcteristics of the hypodermis

Answer 7

not skin
protective
adipose tissue
connective tissue

Question 8

what is the structure of the epidermis (outermost layer)

Answer 8

thick keratinised squamous epithelium

Question 9

how mnay layers is the epidermis composed of

Answer 9

5

Question 10

how many cell types make up the epidermis

Answer 10

4

Question 11

what are the 5 layers that make up the epidermis (innermost to outermost)

Answer 11

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
startum corneum

Question 12

what are the 4 cells that make up the epidermis

Answer 12

keratinocytes
melanocytes
merkel cells
Langerhan’s cells

Question 13

what occurs in the stratum basale (innermost layer)

Answer 13

cells divide by mitosis

Question 14

what occurs in the stratum spinosum

Answer 14

keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate

Question 15

what occurs in the stratum granulosum

Answer 15

karatohyalin and a hard protein envelope form

Question 16

what do dead cells contain in the stratum lucudim

Answer 16

dead cells containing keratohyalins

Question 17

stratum corneum
the dead cells with a hard protein envelope contain what

Answer 17

keratin

Question 18

what do keratinocytes produce

Answer 18

keratin

Question 19

keratinocytes arise where

Answer 19

stratum basale

Question 20

how are keratinocytes pushed to the surface

Answer 20

continouosly mitotic cells reproduce

Question 21

how are keratinocytes able to be involved in wound healing

Answer 21

they have stem cell like properties

Question 22

how are keratinocytes connected (what cell junction)

Answer 22

desmosomes

Question 23

what is the name given when fillagrin causes keratin fibres to dimerise

Answer 23

keratinisation

Question 24

what is keratinisation

Answer 24

filagrin causes keratin to dimerise

Question 25

filagrin mutations can disrupt what process

Answer 25

keratinisation

Question 26

where was the study conducted that there was found to be a link between filagrin mutations and eczema and asthma

Answer 26

dundee

Question 27

how are people who have severe asthma have eczema

Answer 27

greater risk of exposure to allergens absorbed through the skin inhaled in the air

Question 28

what is the primary role of the melanocytes

Answer 28

produce pigment and melanin

Question 29

where are melanocytes found

Answer 29

stratum basale

Question 30

what cell do melanocytes transfer the melanin to

Answer 30

keratinocytes

Question 31

what are merkel cells

Answer 31

neuroepithelial cells associated with sensory nerve endings

Question 32

what do merkel cells act as

Answer 32

mechanoreceptors

Question 33

what neurotransmitter do merkel cells use

Answer 33

glutamate

Question 34

what are merkel cells sesnitive to

Answer 34

shear and pressure

Question 35

merkel cells accumulate at ridges in finger prints and hair endings to form what

Answer 35

a tactile disk

Question 36

where are langerhanns cells made

Answer 36

in bone marrow

Question 37

where do langerhans cells migrate to after being made in the bone marrow

Answer 37

epidermis

Question 38

what system are langerhand=ns cells associated with

Answer 38

iimune system

Question 39

how is melanin synthesised

Answer 39

synthesised by tyrosine

Question 40

where does melanin synthesis occur

Answer 40

melanocytes

Question 41

melanin synthesis can generate two end produvts with different colours euelanin - _____ pheomelanin - ______

Answer 41

eumelanin = black pheomelanin = red

Question 42

UVA penetartes through what layer of the skin

Answer 42

dermis

Question 43

UVB and UVC are extremely damaging and cause what

Answer 43

sunburn

Question 44

once the re has been DNA damage to the dermis from UV - damaged dermal cells stimulate what hormone

Answer 44

alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 45

melanin synthesis synthesises by tyrosinase conversion of tyrosine through multiple reactions to _____ and then melanin

Answer 45

O-quinone

Question 46

how do you develop carotene

Answer 46

from diet

Question 47

what is erythema

Answer 47

re direction of blood flow t superficial skin cappilaries, due to irritation or infection

Question 48

how do you get nervous erythema (blushing)

Answer 48

catecholamine induced vasodilation which pushes blood to the skin

Question 49

how do you get jaundiced

Answer 49

liver disease releases bile pigments to blood deposited in the hypodermis and the cornea of the eye gives a yellow colour

Question 50

how does brusing occur

Answer 50

injury to cappilaries of dermis and hypodermis results in deposition of bilirubin in skin which causes colours of a bruise

Question 51

the strength of the dermis come from what 2 layers

Answer 51

papillary and reticular

Question 52

what are the 5 different skin appendages glands

Answer 52

eccrine apocrine sebaceous ceruminous mammary

Question 53

what are are hair cells made up of

Answer 53

keratin

Question 54

how many phases are there in hair growth

Answer 54

3

Question 55

what are the three phases of growth for hair

Answer 55

rest growth cesstation

Question 56

what are nails made up of

Answer 56

keratin

Question 57

what are nails for

Answer 57

protect fingertips from damage aids precision of movemet