week 20 upper GI (mouth)

Question 1

how is the upper GI tract separated

Answer 1

sphincters

Question 2

what is the natural pH of the stomach

Answer 2

2

Question 3

what are the three parts that make up the small Intestine

Answer 3

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 4

what are the 4 funtions of the GI tract

Answer 4

motility
secretion
digestion
absorption
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Question 5

how many functions are there in the GI tract

Answer 5

4

Question 6

what does motility allow

Answer 6

movement of food mostly by action of smooth muscle

Question 7

what does secretion allow

Answer 7

from the GI tract itself or from accessory organs as a result of stimuli (food, hormonal or neural)

Question 8

what does digestion allow?

Answer 8

chemical breakdown of food by enzymatic digestion and mechanical breakdown of food

Question 9

what does absorption allow

Answer 9

transfer of absorbable products of digestion into the blood or lymph to allow these simple chemical structures to facilitate cellular metabolism

Question 10

how many layers are there in the basic epithelium in the GI tract

Answer 10

4

Question 11

what are the 4 layers in the basic epithelium (innermost to outermost)

Answer 11

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Question 12

what is the mucosa responsible for

Answer 12

protection
secretion
absorption

Question 13

what is the submucosa responsible for

Answer 13

secretion
absorption
contains Meissner plexus in places

Question 14

what is the muscularis externa responsible for

Answer 14

motility (peristalsis)

Question 15

where is the serosa located

Answer 15

it is not present in all arts of the GI tract

Question 16

what is the histogram structure of the mucosa

Answer 16

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 17

within the histogram of the mucosa, what is the other structure that is present

Answer 17

muscularis mucosa and lamina propria

Question 18

what layer forms a continuous sheet along the length of the GI tract

Answer 18

mucosa

Question 19

what is the type of muscle cell exhibited on muscularis and lamina propria

Answer 19

smooth muscle cells connective tissue

Question 20

in submucosa 2 separate muscle layers are separated by what

Answer 20

plexus (nerve cells)

Question 21

in the muscularis externa - the inner and out layer are at what angle to eachother

Answer 21

perpendicular (90)

Question 22

the submucosa contains the c_____

Answer 22

crypt

Question 23

in the submucosa, what does the crypt do

Answer 23

contains cells that contain secretions for digestion and mucus and secretes products that are protective in some way

Question 24

serosa has what kind of tissue

Answer 24

connective tissue and sometimes has squamous epithelium

Question 25

what is the function of the serosa

Answer 25

anchors organs and tubes in place provides general support to organs and tubes

Question 26

what are the three routes of innervation from the autonomic nervous system

Answer 26

enteric NS Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS

Question 27

what is the role of the Enteric Nervous system

Answer 27

plexi of neurons that innervate the GI tract to mediate muscle layers and provide sensory information about the state of the GI tract

Question 28

what nerve controls the function of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 28

splanchnic nerves

Question 29

what nerve controls the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

vagus nerves (CN X)

Question 30

what nerves control the function of the enteric nervous system

Answer 30

mesissner plexus myenteric plexus

Question 31

the meissner plexus is important for what

Answer 31

provides sensory info to relay to the brain (if there are boluses or if there is contration)

Question 32

the myenteric plexus is important for what

Answer 32

controlling function of muscularis externa modulates function of the GI tract

Question 33

first part of the GI tract is responsible for what

Answer 33

ingestion mastication (chewing) digestion deglutition (swallowing)

Question 34

the oral cavity contains glands important for what

Answer 34

sterilisation and digestion

Question 35

what is the tongue responsible for

Answer 35

moves food during mastication skeletal muscle fibres in 3 planes to allow finer control of motor movements

Question 36

the tongue is covered in specialised ______ which induces what

Answer 36

mucosa which induces salivary glands and taste buds

Question 37

taste buds detect _ different tastes

Answer 37

5

Question 38

salty and sour have what kind of activation

Answer 38

ion channel

Question 39

sweet, bitter, and umami have what kind of activation

Answer 39

GPCR

Question 40

what is the epithelial structure of the tongue

Answer 40

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 41

what are salivary glands responsible for

Answer 41

serous fluid production

Question 42

what is serous fluid responsible for

Answer 42

lubricates mouth, aids in initial digestion of carbohydrtaes and lipids

Question 43

what are the three glands that secrete the majority of serous fluid

Answer 43

sublingual submandibular parotid

Question 44

what does the sublingual secrete

Answer 44

mixed serous fluid and mucous solution

Question 45

what does the submandibular secrete

Answer 45

mixed serous and mucous solution

Question 46

what does the parotid secrete

Answer 46

serous fluid

Question 47

what NS is in control of salivating at rest

Answer 47

parasympathetic

Question 48

what are the proteins present from the salivary glands

Answer 48

lactoferrin lysozyme IgA

Question 49

what are the enzymes present from the salivary glands

Answer 49

amylase lipase

Question 50

proteins secreted from salivary glands help protect what structure

Answer 50

teeth

Question 51

lactoferrin has what properties

Answer 51

anitmicrobial

Question 52

lysozyme has what properties

Answer 52

anti bacterial

Question 53

IgA has what properties

Answer 53

anti viral and anti bacterial

Question 54

what is the role od amylase

Answer 54

digests carbohydrates and breaks down sugar structures

Question 55

what is the role of lipase

Answer 55

digests lipase and begins digestion

Question 56

the three glands are innervated by what cranial nerves

Answer 56

VII and X

Question 57

the swallowing reflex can be either _______-- or _________________

Answer 57

voluntary or involuntrary

Question 58

once mastication is complete the tongue moves food to where

Answer 58

oropharynx

Question 59

what stimulates the swallowing complex

Answer 59

once the tongue has moved food to the oropharynx

Question 60

how many stages are there in swallowing

Answer 60

3

Question 61

what are the three phases in swallowing

Answer 61

oral preparatory phase pharyngeal phase oesophageal phase

Question 62

what occurs in the preparatory phase (voluntary/involuntary)

Answer 62

pushes bolus towards pharynx once bolus touches pharyngeal wall, pharyngeal phase begins voluntary

Question 63

what constitutes the end of the oral preparatory phase and the beginning of the pharyngeal phase

Answer 63

once the bolus touches the pharyngeal wall

Question 64

what occurs in the pharyngeal phase (voluntary/involuntary)

Answer 64

soft palate seals of nasopharynx pharyngeal constrictors push bolus downwards larynx elevates, closing epiglottis vocal cord adducts (protecting airway) and breathing temporarily opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter involuntary

Question 65

what occurs in the oesophageal phase (voluntary/involuntary)

Answer 65

closure of the upper oesophageal sphincter peristatic wave carries bolus downwards into oesophagus incoluntary