week 2: wednesday (regulation of blood pressure and flow through vasculature)

Question 1

which structures are the primary determinants of resistance

Answer 1

arterioles

Question 2

what mechanism predominates in critial organs

Answer 2

intrinsic

Question 3

what mechanism predominates in non-critical organs

Answer 3

extrinstic

Question 4

what mechanism(s) predominate in the skin

Answer 4

both intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 5

what kind of receptors does the smooth muscle of most arterioles have (2)

sympathetic

Answer 5

a-adrenergic and B2-adrenergic

Question 6

what effect does norepinephrine binding to a-adrenergic receptors have

Answer 6

increased MAP

Question 7

what effect does epinephrine have when binding to a-adrenergic receptors

Answer 7

increased TPR

Question 8

what effect does epinephrine have when bound to B2-adrenergic receptors

Answer 8

decreased TPR

Question 9

what is mean arterial pressure affected by

Answer 9

1. stroke volume
2. heart rate
3. total peripheral resistance

Question 10

what are two cardiovascular reflexes

neurohumoral control mechanisms

Answer 10

1. arterial baroreceptor reflex
2. atrial volume receptor reflex

Question 11

what are two psychogenic responses

neurohumoral control mechanisms

Answer 11

1. fight or flight response
2. vasovagal syncope

Question 12

where are arterial baroreceptors located

Answer 12

on the carotid arteries and aortic arch

Question 13

what does the arterial baroreceptor reflex result in

Answer 13

adjustments in TPR and CO

Question 14

what is the arterial baroreceptor useful for

Answer 14

moment to moment regulation but NOT long term regulation

Question 15

where is the atrial volume receptor located

Answer 15

in the atria and large systemic veins

Question 16

what is the atrial volume receptor reflex useful for

Answer 16

• acts to quickly compensate for changes in blood pressure (like arterial baroreceptors)
• long-term regulation occurs through regulation of blood volume

Question 17

what is the fight or flight response

Answer 17

increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity that leads to increased flow to critical organs

Question 18

what is the vasovagal syncope

Answer 18

decreased sympathetic activity and increased parasympathetic activity leads to vasodilation in non-critical organs and decreased TPR

decreased BP and fainting

Question 19

what is the loose definition of heart failure

Answer 19

heart that is not pumping as it should

Question 20

what would the immediate change be in stroke volume from acute heart failure

Answer 20

down

Question 21

what would the immediate change in cardiac output be in acute heart failure

Answer 21

down

Question 22

what would the immediate change be in arterial blood pressure be in acute heart failure

Answer 22

down

Question 23

what would the immediate change be in venous blood pressure in acute heart failure

Answer 23

up

Question 24

what are two compensatory mechanisms that come into play in acute heart failure

Answer 24

1. heart will have more fluid in ventricles (increased stretch) - with the little bit of contraction the heart can do, it will be a little stronger
2. baroreceptor reflex - reflex compensation

Question 25

based on your knowledge of the extrinsic mechanisms for increasing blood pressure, how do you think that kidney function may be affected? (which mechanisms are involved)

heart failure

Answer 25

blood supply to kidney reduced initially (noncritical organ), overtime will see renal damage

Question 26

what symptoms might you observe if the heart failure was one sided? left side vs right side?

Answer 26

• left side failure: see buildup in pulmonic circuit
• right side failure: buildup in systemic circuit