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Circulation and Respiration > Week 1: Monday > Flashcards

Week 1: Monday Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of the CVS?

A

transport

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2
Q

What are the two modes of transportation

A
  1. diffusion
  2. bulk flow
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3
Q

what is diffusion

A
  • slow over short distances
  • passive
  • primary mechanism for which dissolved substances move across vessel walls

capillaries

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4
Q

what is bulk flow

A
  • rapid flow over long distances
  • requires energy
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5
Q

what are the 5 components of the CVS and their functions

A
  1. heart - the pump
  2. vasculature - transport
  3. lymphatics - maintain fluid homeostasis
  4. blood - carries nutrients, gases, hormones, antibodies, and waste
  5. associated organs - spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver
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6
Q

what are thoracic sacs

A
  • thorax is compartmentalized by membranes
  • distinct functions for the function of heart and lungs
  • two plural sacs (around lungs) with different regions
  • sac surrounding the heart
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7
Q

what are the 4 different regions of the plural sacs

A
  1. costal parietal pleura
  2. diaphragmatic parietal pleura
  3. mediastinal parietal pleura
  4. visceral pleura
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8
Q

where is the heart located

A

within themediastinum of the thorax

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9
Q

what are the functions of the pericardium

A
  • protect the heart against friction during beating
  • anchor the heart
  • act as a barrier against the spread of disease
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10
Q

what is the function of the heart

A
  • pump blood
  • keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated
  • respond to altered physiological demands
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11
Q

why does the left ventricular wall thicker than the right

A

it needs to pump blood into aorta which pumps blood to entire body

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12
Q

heart valves are responsible for ____ blood flow

A

unidirectional

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13
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves and what do they contain

A
  • tricuspid and mitral valves
  • papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
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14
Q

what is the function of chordae tendineae

A

to prevent valve from opening backward during systolic contraction

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15
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves and what do they lack

A
  • aortic and pulmonic
  • lack chordae tendineae
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16
Q

what does the intervenous tubercle do

A

directs blood from the venae cavae ventrally towards the atrioventricular ostium

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17
Q

what does the trabeculae carneae do

A

reduce turbulence in the ventricles

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18
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton

A
  • encircles valve openings and separates atria from ventricles
  • serves as an attachment site for valves and cardiac muscle
  • the trigone can ossify
  • act as electrical insulator
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19
Q

electrical activoty in cardiac muscle is ____

A

myogenic

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20
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

can spontaneously depolarize on its own

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21
Q

where are action potentials in the heart initiated

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

22
Q

what does the travecula septomarginalis (moderator band) do

A

provides a shortcut in the conducting pathways

23
Q

what does nutritional blood supply do

A

nourishes the organ so it can function

24
Q

what are the nutritional blood supplies of the heart, lungs, and liver

A
  • heart: coronary arteries
  • lungs: bronchial arteries
  • liver: hepatic artery
25
Q

what is functional blood supply

A

involved with organs function

26
Q

what are the function blood supplies of the heart, lungs, and liver

A
  • heart: venae caveae and pulmonary veins
  • lungs: pulmonic arteries
  • liver: portal vein
27
Q

what is the coronary circulation

A
  • coronary arteries feed the heart
  • differences in the coronary patterns across (and within) species
28
Q

what does the vasculature serve to do

A
  • transport substances throughout body
  • help regulate blood pressure
  • direct blood to areas where its needed most
  • aid in homeostasis (temp, water balance)
29
Q

the CVS is a ____ system

A

closed

30
Q

what is the pulmonic circuit

A
  • all vessels within the lungs
  • vessles connecting lungs with heart
  • blood flows in series
31
Q

what is the systemic circuit

A
  • the vasculature throughout the rest of body
  • blood flows in parallel
  • venous side (volume reservoir)
  • arterial side (pressure reservoir)
32
Q

what supplies blood to the large vessels

A

vasa vasorum

33
Q

what is countercurrent exchange

A

temp conservation, solute balance, local hormone signaling

34
Q

what is cavernous tissue

A

found in erectile tissue

35
Q

what are portal systems

A

blood flows from one capillary bed straight to another without first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit

36
Q

what are vascular anastomoses

A
  • arterio-arterial anastomosis
  • veno-venous anastomosus
  • arterio-venous anastomosis

connection between to vesses - like a bypass

37
Q

in postnatal mammals what to arteries do

A

blood away from heart, oxygenated (systemic circuit)

38
Q

in postnatal mammals what do veins do

A

bring blood toward the heart, deoxygenated (systemic circuit)

39
Q

describe circulation in the fetus

A
  • oxygenated blood enters the fetus from the placenta via the umbilical vein
  • deoxygenated blood moves to the placenta via the umbilical arteries
40
Q

what is the ductus venosus in the fetus

A
  • blood bypasses the liver
  • becomes the ligamentum venosum in adults
41
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus in the fetus

A
  • blood bypasses the lungs
  • becomes the ligament arteriosum in adults
42
Q

what is the foramen ovale in the fetus

A
  • blood bypasses the lungs
  • becomes the fossa ovalis in adults
43
Q

what do the umbilical arteries do in the fetus

A
  • return blood to placenta
  • becomes the round ligament of the bladder in adults
44
Q

what do umbilical veins do in the fetus

A
  • brings blood from the placenta
  • becomes the round ligament of the liver in adults
45
Q

what is blood

A
  • connective tissue
  • medium for transport
  • helps maintain homeostasis
46
Q

what is blood composed of

A
  1. platelets
  2. cells (erythrocytes - RBC)
47
Q

what is the lifecycle of a RBC

A
  1. made in bone marrow & triggered to be made by erythropoitetin thats released by kidneys
  2. kidneys produce EPO that riggers bone marrow to make RBC
  3. bone marrow releases reticulocytes into bloodstream - mature into erythrocytes that circulate for 120 days
  4. old and dammaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
  5. globin of hemoglobin is metabolized into amino acids and reused in protein synthesis
  6. heme portion broken down into biliverdin for transport in blood
48
Q

how to evaluate RBC in blood

A
  • clinicians evalutate froma kinetic and morphological approach:
  • concentration/amount
  • size
  • color
49
Q

what are some RBC measurements and indices

A
  • RBC count (cells/L or uL)
  • hematocrit/packed cell volume (% of RBC in whole blood)
  • blood hemoglobin concentration (g/dL)
  • mean corpuscular volume (fL or um^3)
  • mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg/cell)
  • mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/dL)
50
Q

what are the 3 causes of anemia

A
  1. inappropriate removal/destruction of RBC
  2. inappropriate production of RBC
  3. excessive blood loss
51
Q

what are the two types of anemia

A
  1. regenerative
  2. non-regenerative

Circulation and Respiration (7 decks)

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