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Circulation and Respiration > Week 1: Thursday > Flashcards

Week 1: Thursday Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 properties similar to skeletal muscle

of cardiac muscle

A
  1. striated
  2. Ca2+/troponin/tropomyosin regulation of crossbridge cycle
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases Ca2+
  4. T tubules
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2
Q

what are 2 properties similar to smooth muscle

of cardiac muscle

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. extracellular Ca2+ is required for contraction (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release)
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2
Q

what does the L-type Ca channel do (Ca2+L)

A

allows for Ca2+ ro emter cell

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3
Q

what does the Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) do

A

allows for Ca2+ to move from SR to sarcoplasm

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4
Q

what does the sarco/edoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump do

A

allows for Ca2+ to move back into SR

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5
Q

what does the Calcium ATPase pump do

A

actively pumps Ca2+ out of cell

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6
Q

what does the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) do

A

pumps Ca2+ out of cell in exchange for Na+

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7
Q

what does the sodium potassium ATPase (NK ATPase) pump do

A

actively pumps NA+ out of cell and K+ into cell

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8
Q

what does the right side of the heart do

A

pumps pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

what does the left side of the heart do

A

pumps systemic circuit

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10
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single complete heartbeat

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11
Q

what is systole

A

contraction of ventricles

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12
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation of ventricles

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13
Q

why do valves open passively

A

due to pressure gradients

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14
Q

what is end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of diastole

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15
Q

what is end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole

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16
Q

what is stroke volume and the equation

A

volume of blood ejected from ventricle each cycle

SV = EDV - ESV

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17
Q

what is ejection fraction (EF) and its equation

A
  • measures heart efficiency
  • fraction of EDV ejected during a heartbeat
  • EF = SV/EDV
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18
Q

what is cardiac output (CO) and its equation

A
  • measures blood output per minute
  • CO = SV x HR
19
Q

volumes and blood flow rates are ____ for the left and right sides of the heart

A

similar

20
Q

what is the systolic pressure on the left ventricle

A

~120 mmHG

21
Q

what is the systolic pressure on the right ventricle

A

~20 mm HG

22
Q

how does the difference in pressure impact cardiac muscle function of the left and right sides

A

the left side of the heart has to work harder - why left ventricular wall is so much thicker

23
Q

what is the “Lub” S1 sound

A

backflow hitting AV valves after they close at the start of ventricular systole

24
Q

what is the “dub” S2 sound

A

backflow hitting the aortic and pulmonary valves at the start of diastole
* briefer, sharper, higher pitched

25
Q

what is the split second heart sound (split S2)

A

the second heart sound (dub) is split into two sounds
* can be normal (inspiration)
* can be pathological

25
Q
A

C - point A marks the beginning of isovolumetric contraction

26
Q

what is preload

strickly

A

the tension in the wall produced by the end-diastolic pressure

27
Q

what is preload

loosely

A

the end diastolic pressure

28
Q

what is afterload

strickly

A

the tension in the wall produced at the time of the opening of the aortic valve (during systole)

29
Q

what is afterload

loosely

A

the pressure at the time of the opening of the aortic valve

30
Q

what should occur in a healthy heart

Frank-Starling Relationship

A
  • increased volume (pressure) results in increased force of contraction
  • stroke volumes of the left and right ventricles remain balanced
31
Q

what happens if balance is not maintained in the heart

A

blood accumulation in pulmonary or systemuc circulation can result

32
Q

what is the importance of length-tension relationship in cardiac muscle

A
  • wide dynamic range that takes advantage of the increased active tension at longer lengths
  • large passive tenssion at peak active tension length
  • passive tension limit the degree of heart filling
33
Q

what two things can increase the force of contraction (tension)

A
  1. adjust length
  2. adjust contractility (Ca2+ concentration or sensitivity)
34
Q

what is the sympathetic response on the heart

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increase contractility
35
Q

what is the parasympathetic response on the heart

A
  • decreases heart rate
  • does not impact contractility
36
Q

where does norepinephrine bind and what division of the autonomic nervous system is this

A
  • B-adrenergic receptors
  • sympathetic response
37
Q

where does acetylcholine bind and what division of the autonomic nervous system is this

A
  • muscarinic cholinergic receptors
  • parasympathetic
38
Q

what is EDV affected by

A
  • venous return
  • vetricular compliance
  • diastolic filling time
39
Q

what is ESV affected by

A
  • ventricular contractility
  • afterload
40
Q

what are murmurs

A

abnormal disruptions in flow (turbulence) that can be auscultated

can occur in diastole, systole, or continuous

41
Q

what does incompetent or insufficient mean

murmur

A

valve that failts to close completely

diastole

42
Q

what is regurgitation

A

backflow across the incompetent valve

43
Q

what is stenosis

A

valve fails to open widely enough

systole

44
Q

what is thrill

A

when murmur is so extreme that it can be palpated

45
Q

the defects that cause the murmur can lead to: (list 3)

A
  1. abnormal blood flow
  2. abnormal blood pressure
  3. cardiac hypertrophy

Circulation and Respiration (7 decks)

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