Week 1: Thursday Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 properties similar to skeletal muscle

of cardiac muscle

A
  1. striated
  2. Ca2+/troponin/tropomyosin regulation of crossbridge cycle
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases Ca2+
  4. T tubules
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2
Q

what are 2 properties similar to smooth muscle

of cardiac muscle

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. extracellular Ca2+ is required for contraction (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release)
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2
Q

what does the L-type Ca channel do (Ca2+L)

A

allows for Ca2+ ro emter cell

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3
Q

what does the Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) do

A

allows for Ca2+ to move from SR to sarcoplasm

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4
Q

what does the sarco/edoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump do

A

allows for Ca2+ to move back into SR

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5
Q

what does the Calcium ATPase pump do

A

actively pumps Ca2+ out of cell

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6
Q

what does the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) do

A

pumps Ca2+ out of cell in exchange for Na+

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7
Q

what does the sodium potassium ATPase (NK ATPase) pump do

A

actively pumps NA+ out of cell and K+ into cell

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8
Q

what does the right side of the heart do

A

pumps pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

what does the left side of the heart do

A

pumps systemic circuit

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10
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single complete heartbeat

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11
Q

what is systole

A

contraction of ventricles

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12
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation of ventricles

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13
Q

why do valves open passively

A

due to pressure gradients

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14
Q

what is end-diastolic volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of diastole

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15
Q

what is end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole

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16
Q

what is stroke volume and the equation

A

volume of blood ejected from ventricle each cycle

SV = EDV - ESV

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17
Q

what is ejection fraction (EF) and its equation

A
  • measures heart efficiency
  • fraction of EDV ejected during a heartbeat
  • EF = SV/EDV
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18
Q

what is cardiac output (CO) and its equation

A
  • measures blood output per minute
  • CO = SV x HR
19
Q

volumes and blood flow rates are ____ for the left and right sides of the heart

20
Q

what is the systolic pressure on the left ventricle

21
Q

what is the systolic pressure on the right ventricle

22
Q

how does the difference in pressure impact cardiac muscle function of the left and right sides

A

the left side of the heart has to work harder - why left ventricular wall is so much thicker

23
Q

what is the “Lub” S1 sound

A

backflow hitting AV valves after they close at the start of ventricular systole

24
what is the "dub" S2 sound
backflow hitting the aortic and pulmonary valves at the start of diastole * briefer, sharper, higher pitched
25
what is the split second heart sound (split S2)
the second heart sound (dub) is split into two sounds * can be normal (inspiration) * can be pathological
25
C - point A marks the beginning of isovolumetric contraction
26
what is preload | strickly
the tension in the wall produced by the end-diastolic pressure
27
what is preload | loosely
the end diastolic pressure
28
what is afterload | strickly
the tension in the wall produced at the time of the opening of the aortic valve (during systole)
29
what is afterload | loosely
the pressure at the time of the opening of the aortic valve
30
what should occur in a healthy heart | Frank-Starling Relationship
* increased volume (pressure) results in increased force of contraction * stroke volumes of the left and right ventricles remain balanced
31
what happens if balance is not maintained in the heart
blood accumulation in pulmonary or systemuc circulation can result
32
what is the importance of length-tension relationship in cardiac muscle
* wide dynamic range that takes advantage of the increased active tension at longer lengths * large passive tenssion at peak active tension length * passive tension limit the degree of heart filling
33
what two things can increase the force of contraction (tension)
1. adjust length 2. adjust contractility (Ca2+ concentration or sensitivity)
34
what is the sympathetic response on the heart
* increase heart rate * increase contractility
35
what is the parasympathetic response on the heart
* decreases heart rate * does not impact contractility
36
where does norepinephrine bind and what division of the autonomic nervous system is this
* B-adrenergic receptors * sympathetic response
37
where does acetylcholine bind and what division of the autonomic nervous system is this
* muscarinic cholinergic receptors * parasympathetic
38
what is EDV affected by
* venous return * vetricular compliance * diastolic filling time
39
what is ESV affected by
* ventricular contractility * afterload
40
what are murmurs
abnormal disruptions in flow (turbulence) that can be auscultated | can occur in diastole, systole, or continuous
41
what does incompetent or insufficient mean | murmur
valve that failts to close completely | diastole
42
what is regurgitation
backflow across the incompetent valve
43
what is stenosis
valve fails to open widely enough | systole
44
what is thrill
when murmur is so extreme that it can be palpated
45
the defects that cause the murmur can lead to: (list 3)
1. abnormal blood flow 2. abnormal blood pressure 3. cardiac hypertrophy