Week 2: Types of Cells Flashcards
membrane enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
nucleus
largest organelle in the cell and contains most of the cell’s genetic information
nucleus
contains the information for the structure and function of the organism
genes
short segment of the DNA that contains information to encode an RNA molecule or protein strand
gene
“control center” of the cell
nucleus
the process by which the information in a gene is “decoded” by various cell molecules to produce a functional gene product, such as a protein molecule or an RNA molecule.
gene expression
double membrane of the nucleus that encloses the genetic material
nuclear envelope
mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes
nucleolus
organelles made up of protein and ribosomal RNA and they build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm
ribosomes
power plants of the cell
mitochondria
membrane enclosed organelle that is found in most eukaryotic cells
mitochondrion
the cell’s energy source that is used for such things such as movement and cell division
adenosine triphosphate
a membrane protein of the mitochondria inner membrane and atp is produced by this enzyme
ATP synthase
where most of the cell’s ATP is made
matrix
the presence of a mixture of more than one type of mtDNA
heteroplasmy
organelle made out of just protein and RNA
ribosome
small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a protein
translation
RNA molecule that catalyze chemical reactions, such as translation
ribozymes
ribosomes are made up of ribosomal proteins called ____
ribonucleoproteins
a network of phospholipid membranes that form hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs
endoplasmic reticulum
studded with ribosomes which gives it a “rough” sandpaper-like appearance
rough endoplasmic reticulum
does not have any ribosomes attached to it, so it has a smooth appearance
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
series of stacks of membrane, with some extremely important functions
golgi apparatus
large organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell
the golgi apparatus
The golgi apparatus is usually made up of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane covered stacks of discs called ___
cisternae
group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
endomembrane system
a small, spherical compartment that is separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer
vesicle
the process by which a large amount of molecules are released; thus it is a form of bulk transport
exocytosis
a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell
endocytosis
part of the endomembrane system; able to move molecules such as proteins between locations inside the cell
transport vesicles
vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus; contains powerful enzymes that could break down the cell
lysosomes
vesicles that use oxygen to break down toxic substances in the cell
peroxisomes
contain materials that are to be excreted from the cell
secretory vesicles
membrane-bound organelles that can have secretory, excretory, and storage functions
vacuoles
two types of cells
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
microscopic organisms that have neither a membrane-bound nucleus nor membrane-bound organelle
prokaryotic
microscopic organisms that have neither a membrane-bound nucleus nor membrane-bound organelle
prokaryotic
reproduction in prokaryotic cells; a process of growth, enlargement, and division
binary fission
an organism whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton
eukaryotic
the membrane-enclosed organelle that contains DNA
nucleus
It normally range between 1-100 um in diameter
eukaryotic cells
