Week 11: Biological Molecules Flashcards
a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers, which are the building blocks of proteins
monomers
main chemical components of living organisms
organic compounds
molecule containing a large number of atoms
macromolecules
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
- protein
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
most common type of organic compound; organic compound such as starch or sugar, used to store energy; made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
cerbohydrate
small repeating units of carbohydrates (monomers of sugar)
monosaccharides
larger sections of repeating units (polymers of sugar or “many sugars”)
polysaccharides
a single, simple 6-carbon ring with the chemical formula C6H12O6, is used for energy by the cells of most organisms, and is a product of photosynthesis
glucose
simple sugar found in fruits while glucose generally results from the digestion of other carbohydrates. has the same chemical formula with glucose but have different atom arrangement
fructose
second type of simple sugar that results from the bonding of two SINGLE sugars. Example of which are sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk of mammals)
dissacharide
complex carbohydrates meaning “many sugars”, long carbohydrate molecule of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharidde
TWO MAIN FUNCTIOSN OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
- storing energy
2. forming structures of living things
type of protein that seed up chemical reactions, known as “biological catalysts”
enzymes
proteins that protect you against diseases; protein that identifies pathogens or other substances as being harmful; can destroy pathogens by attaching the cell membrane of the pathogen
antibodies
molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
lipids
long chains of nucleotides; organic compound that can carry genetic information
nucleic acids
TWO MAIN NUCLEIC ACIDS
- deoxyribonucleic acid
2. ribonucleic acid
lipid molecule with a hydrophilic (“water loving”) head and two hydrophobic (“water-hating”) tails; makes up the cell membrane
PHOSPHOLIPID
single stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
storage carbohydrate in plants
starch
a dehydration reaction in which two molecules combine to form one single molecule, losing a small molecule in the process
CONDENSATION REACTION
a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically two to ten) of monosaccharides
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
somtimes referred to as “animal starch”, used for long-term energy storage in animal cells
GLYCOGEN
amino acids bond together through peptide bonds to form short chains called peptides or longer chains called polypeptides
PEPTIDE BONDS
a covalent bond formed from a condensation reaction between two molecules, causing the release of a molecule of water
PEPTIDE BONDS
