Week 1: The Cell (Part 1) Flashcards
Where do cells come from?
All cells come from other cells
The cell theory (old) (3)
- all organisms are mad up of one or more cells
- all the life functions of an organism occur within cells
- all cells come from preexisting cells
The MODERN version of the cell theory (7)
- all living things are made up of one or more cells
- all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
- the cell is a fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
- the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
- energy flow occurs within cells (metabolism and biochemistry)
- cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
- all cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
The ____ is one of the main principles of biology
Cell Theory
_______ is a body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms
Spontaneous Generation
What is spontaneous generation?
body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms
what is the cell theory?
states that all living things are made up of one or more cells
The ___ is the smallest unit of structure and function of all living organisms
cell
cells that are composed of just one cell
single-celled (unicellular organisms)
cells that are composed of trillion of cells
multicellular organisms
Cells are essentially ___, ___, ___, and ___ in a water-based environment
carbohydrates; lipids; protein; nucleic acids
field of biology that studies cells
cell biology
specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function
organelles
field that concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell; the biological activity and interaction BETWEEN CELLS
molecular biology
what was needed to discover the cell?
microscope
The word cell is derived from what Latin word?
cellula meaning small compartment
The word “cell” was first used by _____
Robert Hooke
who discovered blood cells?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
compunds microscopes were invented by ____
Zacharias Jansen
an old term for microscopic organisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals
animalcule
_____ was the first person to see living cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
who named cells?
Robert Hooke
“Father of Microscopy”
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
What determines a cell’s functions?
the cell’s structure
The _____ is central theme running throughout biology
structure-function relationship
A cell’s shape determines its ____
function
The larger a cell gets, the more ___ it is for nutrients and gases to move in and out of the cell
difficult
As the cell grows, its ___ increases quickly than its surface area
volume
What is the main function of the microvilli?
to increase the cell surface area and the efficiency of absorption
An increased surface area to volume ratio means increased exposure to the _____
environment
largest known single cell
eggs (ostrich eggs)
each cell type has evolved a shape that is best related to its ___
function
A ___ cell is more effective in transporting materials, including waste products, than a ___ cell
small; larger
what limits the size of a cell?
the cell’s surface area and volume ratio
two general categories of cells:
- prokaryotic
2. eukaryotic
four things that all cells have in common:
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- ribosomes
- DNA (genetic information)
physical boundary between the intracellular space (the inside of a cell) and the extracellular environment
cell membrane (also called plasma membrane)
the “skin” of the cell
cell membrane
the cell membrane is ____, allowing only select ions and organic molecules to enter and/or leave the cell
semi permeable
general term for all material inside the cell inside the cell
cytoplasm
cytoplasm is made up of ____, a watery fluid that contains cytoskeletal fragments
cytosol
structures that carry out specific functions inside the cell
organelles
organelles on which proteins are made through protein synthesis; function to synthesize proteins
ribosomes
the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins
translation
RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made
mRNA (messenger RNA)
molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
any proteins that are structurally associated with nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA
ribonucleoprotein
All cells have ___
DNA
three types of RNA’s
Messenger RNA's (mRNA) Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
the belief that living organisms grow directly from decaying organic substances
spontaneous generation
cells share the same needs: the need to get ___ from their environment, the nee to ___ to their environment, and the need to ____
energy; respond; reproduce
The ____ describe a pattern evident throughout biological systems
structure-function relationship
The structure of each human cell depends on what function it will ____
perform
the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells
neuron
____ are the only human cells with flagella
sperm cells
A cell’s function is usually directed to its structure; this is known as the _____ relationship
structure-function
In 1858, the German doctor that observed that cells divide to produce more cells. He proposed that all cells arise only from other cells
Rudolf Virchow
They are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium, and in muscle tissue where they find muscle cells to one another
desmosome
He is a British biologist and early microscopes that looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope
Robert Hooke
