Week 16: Energy Transformation Flashcards
ion channel and enzyme complex; chemically bonds a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP as H+ ions flow through the ion channel
ATP synthase
H+ difference across a membrane; established by the active transport of hydrogen ions by an electron transport chain
Chemiosmotic Gradient
Difference across a membrane due to both a chemical force and an electrical force; drives the movement of ions across the membrane
Electrochemical gradient
First stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and transformed into chemical energy; also known as the light reactions
Light dependent reactions
The splitting of a water molecule to replace electrons used during the light reactions; splitting by light
photolysis
Photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf
Bundle sheath cells
The second stage of photosynthesis; results in the formation of a sugar
Calvin Cycle
photosynthetic adaptation to arid conditions in some plants; allows stomata to be closed during the day
CAM Photosynthesis
The process which converts carbon dioxide in the air to organic molecules, as in photosynthesis
Carbon Fixation
Photosynthetic parenchyma cells that lie between the upper and lower epidermis layers of a leaf
Mesophyll cells
The enzyme that combines one molecule of CO2 with a 5-carbon sugar called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP); the most abundant enzyme on earth
RuBisCo
Openings on the underside of a leaf which allow gas exchange and transpiration
Stomata
process by which plants lose water; occurs when stomata in leaves open to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and lose water to the atmosphere in the process
transpiration
Organisms that use the energy stored in chemical compounds to make organic molecules by chemosynthesis
chemoautotrophs
The process by which carbon dioxide molecules are converted to carbohydrates; uses energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
chemosynthesis
