WEEK 2 Scientific Method / Advertising Health Products (C2/3)

Question 1

Cross Sectional Research Design

Answer 1

This is a study of a group of people at a given point in time. It could be carried out by administering a survey on a particular date in a given year

Question 2

Retrospective Research Design

Answer 2

This is a study involving past records of a group or groups over a long period of time (years) to assess risk factors of a disease such as lung cancer

Question 3

Prospective Research Design

Answer 3

This could involve studying a group over a long period of time (years) to assess risk for getting a disease sometime in the future such as diseases as a result of smoking cigarettes

Question 4

Longitudinal Research Design

Answer 4

This is a study of the same individuals (cohort group) over a long period of time on the same health variables and risk factors

Question 5

Descriptive Design

Answer 5

may include surveys (quantitative) or qualitative studies. Surveys are used to obtain information about health behaviors or other topics by asking groups of individuals to complete a pen and pencil, computer, Internet, telephone or person-to-person set of questions

Question 6

Analytical Studies

Answer 6

are quantitative and are classified as observational, experimental, and quasi-experimental type studies

Question 7

Observational Studies

Answer 7

assess a hypothesis and are conducted by using cohort groups, cross-sectional groups and case-control studies

Question 8

Experimental Studies

Answer 8

involve randomly selecting subjects and then randomly assigning them into either a treatment or a control (comparison) group

Question 9

Quasi-expiremental studies

Answer 9

involve comparison groups that are not randomly selected, and many factors may cloud (or confound) the findings. Confounding factors (variables) may relate to both the cause and effect or outcome

Question 10

Correlation studies

Answer 10

are used to assess the relationship of one or more variables to one or more other variables

Question 11

Prediction Statistics

Answer 11

also called inference studies, assess the cause and effect of variables
Example: team of researchers want to assess if college students who eat their meals on campus at dining halls offering healthy food choices will at some point in time have gained less weight

Question 12

Epidemiological Studies

Answer 12

analyze data from various population groups over a point in time or for years

Question 13

Characteristics of Scientific Testing

Answer 13

1. self correcting research characteristics
2. objectivity
3. findings must be made public
4. experiments must be reproducible by other scientists
5. experiments must be empirical
6. science should be predictive

Question 14

what does objectivity mean

Answer 14

• Findings must be derived from a biased research, means that there should not be any bias based on the researchers personal beliefs, perceptions, values or emotions
  
  • Hypothesis, research questions, quantitative, qualitative research

Question 15

Evidence Based Research

Answer 15

especially important for clinical practices whether it is medicine, nursing, psychology, speech language and hearing or the many alternative practices offered today
- Means that the study evidence or result is integrated with clinical expertise and patient values when making decisions about patient care
Primary goals: integration of best research practice, interests and values of patient and clinical skills

Question 16

Bridge Theory

Answer 16

suggests there is a gap between the research results and the application of that research to effect a positive change or growth within the environment of professionals involved in a particular practice

Question 17

4 components of the bridge theory

Answer 17

1. Framing the clinical question
2. Finding the evidence
3. Assessing the evidence
4. Making clinical decision

Question 18

Steps to the Scientific Method

Answer 18

1. ask a question
2. research your topic (journals, lit review)
3. make hypothesis
4. test hypothesis with an experiment
5. is the experiment working?
   a. no: try to fix problem
   b. yes:
6. analyze the data and draw conclusions
   a. Results don’t align with hypothesis: that’s okay, the experiment can be used a research for nee projects (ask new questions, form new hypothesis)
   b. Results do align with hypothesis:
7. Communicate results

Question 19

Qualitative Research Design

Answer 19

Purpose: Answer the why question
Date type: Observation, symbol, word, etc,
Approach: Observe and interpret
Analysis: Grouping of common date/non stats analysis

Question 20

Quantitative Research Design

Answer 20

Purpose: Answer how many/much
Data type: number/statistical result
Approach: measure and test
Analysis: statistical analysis

Question 21

Challenges facing science

Answer 21

• media
• gouverment funds a lot of science
• companies and cooperations fund science
• less trust in science
• A large proportion of published studies are of poor quality
• Many conducted studies are never published
• controversial issues
• Large proportion of studies are redundant

Question 22

what does redundancy mean

Answer 22

replication, meaning it has been done over and over again

Question 23

Goalism

Answer 23

considers all variables but not ideally how you want to prove a theory in a scientific fashion

Question 24

ways to determine if products online are scientifically tested

Answer 24

• Go on website and look through the material, see if there are publications related to his method
• Reviews from customers
  ○ Issue: Some people wont point it out because they don’t want to feel de frauded
  ○ Fake bad/fake good reviews

Question 25

what are the steps taken to conduct scientific testing of drugs and products

Answer 25

• Packaging, nutrition labels, ingredient list
• If its sold in stores
• Who is selling it
  ○ See if you can get it through your doctor, meaning it would be tested
  · Validity - clinical trials, approval from FDA
  ○ Not a quick process

Question 26

Problems with health information

Answer 26

1. Sources not reliable
2. Non professionals promoting products
3. Pseudo scientists promoting products (scientific camouflage)
4. Some medical physicians promoting product’s merely for financial gain
5. Educational institutions and professors promoting non scientific methodology
6. Media hype on certain products
7. Advertisements that embellish

Question 27

About Dr. Oz

Answer 27

• Has a medical doctorate
• Prestigious rep with many universities
• Most legitimate than most allopathic doctors
• Built a tremendous following on evidence free advice
• Last year ran for government in Pennsylvania

Question 28

who said this quote: “most allopathic doctors think practitioners of alternative medicine are all quacks. They’re not. Often they are sharp people who think differently about disease. -

Answer 28

Mehmet Oz

Question 29

Green Lights

Answer 29

• Government agency website s
• University and research institutions
• Professional and non profit groups
• Reputable business
  Legitimate news sources

Question 30

Red Flags

Answer 30

• Selling a miracle cure
• Sites with no contact info
• Asking for financial info
• Dismissive of legitimate medicine
• Spelling and grammatical errors

Question 31

cautions

Answer 31

• Social media and memes
• Support group chat rooms
• Celebrity or influence blogs
• Entertainment website
  Clickbait

Question 32

Two good places to start to get info

Answer 32

• Your doctor or healthcare provider
• Health Canada, FDA, government

Question 33

Ozempic Video

Answer 33

• Medicine made for diabetes but is not being used for weight loss
• Not a permanent or long term solution
• Social media has been blowing it up and lots of influencers say they are on it
• FDA approved but causing many side effects and health issues

Question 34

what does self correcting research mean

Answer 34

if the results of a research study are later found to be false, the research should be conducted again so that the conclusions or results may be modified. Research requires multiple studies to be done

Question 35

Validity and Reliability

Answer 35

Validity is the extent to which the test predicts the outcome it is supposed to predict, and a test is said to have reliability if it yields consistent results

Question 36

Several ways to investigate about the validity of health information

Answer 36

1. Check for verification of the product or drug, such as a peer-reviewed article or report.
   
   2. Investigate safety research on products and side effects of medicines/drugs.
   3. Don’t rely on the results of one study. Remember that several studies are often required.
   4. If you read a report, investigate the origin of the report. Find out if it was from a peer-reviewed study or medical institution. If not, be wary.
   5. Ask your doctor.
   6. Read reliable magazines and newsletters

Question 37

examples of reputable sources

Answer 37

a. Governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
b. American Medical Association
c. Volunteer agencies (e.g., American Cancer Society, American Heart Association)
d. Foundations (e.g., Arthritis Foundation)
e. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Office of Public Health and Sciences)
f. Trusted consumer health publications and Internet websites.

Question 38

morbidity vs mortality

Answer 38

Morbidity Refers to illness or disease.
Mortality Refers to deaths.

Question 39

Needs Assessment

Answer 39

Investigation to determine health needs. May investigate at the community, county, state, or national level