Week 2 references

Question 1

Subglacial lakes e.g. Antarctica = extreme environments for microbial systems

Answer 1

Christner et al 2014

Question 2

Englacial meltwater drainage; can easily be abandoned by snow plugging

Answer 2

Holmlund and Hooke 1983

Question 3

Englacial meltwater drainage = “vertical profile which develops in down-glacier dipping passageways/conduits

Answer 3

Holmlund 1988

Question 4

Englacial meltwater drainage systems likened to karst systems

Answer 4

Gulley and Benn 2007

Question 5

Effective pressure exerts a profound influence on englacial and subglacial drainage and glacier motions

Answer 5

Benn and Evans 1998

Question 6

Source of subglacial meltwater: basal melting from geothermal heat

Answer 6

Paterson 1994

Question 7

Subglacial meltwater drainage has a profound influence on ice velocity, glacier stability, sediment erosion, transport and deposition

Answer 7

Benn and Evans 1999

Question 8

Different forms of subglacial systems

Answer 8

Benn and Evans 1998

Question 9

Tunnel channels/valleys = large and flat-bottomed, steep-sided channels that cut into rock or sediment

Answer 9

O Cofaigh 1996

Question 10

Water films have limited ability to transport water as they are about mm or so deep

Answer 10

Walder 1982

Question 11

Linked cavity systems = passageways with fluctuating diameters

Answer 11

Paterson 1994

Question 12

Drainage of >2750 lakes from Larsen B, Antarctic peninsula in a few days led to speed of of tributary glaciers and increase in SL contribution

Answer 12

Banwell et al 2013

Question 13

More than 140 subglacial lakes beneath Antarctica - may influence ice velocity

Answer 13

Bel et al 2007

Stearns et al 2008

Question 14

Satellite altimetry beneath Antarctica = short term uplift and lowering of ice surface due to filling/draining

Same time as draining = velocity increased

Answer 14

Fricker et al 2007

Question 15

Glacial Lake Missoula released 2184km3 at up to 3 million m3/s

Answer 15

Clarke et al 1984