Week 10 references

Question 1

Plucking and bedrock communition forms a continuum:

Fractured bedrock

Pulverised bedrock

Mono-lithological diamicton

Answer 1

Hiemstra et al 2007

Question 2

Stress (and therefore failure) is exponential towards the ice-bed interface

Answer 2

van der Wateren 1995

Question 3

Deforming bed theory found by researching how ice streams are moving so fast in Antarctica

Answer 3

Alley 1986, 1987

Question 4

A and B horizon tills in deforming bed theory

Answer 4

Boulton and Hindmarsh 1987

Boulton et al 2001

Question 5

Experiment on Breidamerkurjokull, outlet of Vatnajokull SE Iceland for deforming bed theory

Answer 5

Boulton and Hindmarsh 1987

Question 6

Ice deformation; Breidamerkurjokull till strain patterns = non-linearly viscous material

Answer 6

Boulton and Hindmarsh 1987

Question 7

Ice deformation; perfect plastic rheology

Answer 7

Iverson et al 1997, 1998

Question 8

Ice deformation; plastic failure at vertically migrating levels

Answer 8

Engelhardt and Kamb 1998

Truffet et al 1999/2000

Tulaczyk et al 2000

Question 9

Ice deformation; observations of subglacial tills from paleo-ice sheet beds = plastic failure at vertically migrating levels

Answer 9

Evans et al 2006

O Cofaigh et al 2007

Question 10

Sub-till and intra-till stratified sediments are indicative of sliding glacier bed conditions

Answer 10

Piotrowski and Tulaczyk 1999

Question 11

Sliding and deforming bed mosaic is related to temporal and spatial variation in subglacial effective pressure (Pi-Pw)

Answer 11

Boulton et al 2001

Question 12

Subglacial landforms form a bedform continuum

Answer 12

Rose 1987

Question 13

Subglacial landforms are formed by different processes = distinct populations

Answer 13

Clark 1993

Question 14

Approaches to studying subglacial landforms: morphometry

Answer 14

Smalley and Unwin 1968

Question 15

Approaches to studying subglacial landforms: Sedimentology

Answer 15

Shaw et al 2000

Question 16

Approaches to studying subglacial landforms: Modelling

Answer 16

Hindmarsh 1998

Question 17

Eskers = sinuous elongate ridges of glacifluvial sand and gravel

Answer 17

Benn and Evans 1998

Question 18

Eskers are 10s m high, 100s m wide, 1000s m long

Answer 18

Storrar et al 2014

Question 19

Eskers can be deposited in beads of deposition in less than 24 hours

Answer 19

Burke et al 2008

Question 20

The main types of esker

Answer 20

Arren and Ashley 1994

Question 21

Concertina esker concept

Answer 21

Knudsen 1995

Brennand 2000

Question 22

Crevasse-fill ridges are related to glacier surges

Answer 22

Sharp 1985

Question 23

Crevasse-fill ridges aka geometric ridge

Answer 23

Bennett and Glasser 1996

Question 24

Some flutes may be erosional

Answer 24

Hart 1995

Question 25

Formation of flute from sediment deforming into the lower pressure cavity down ice from an obstacle

Answer 25

Boulton 1976

Question 26

Sub types of flutes

Answer 26

Benn and Evans 1996

Question 27

Drumlins recently found growing under Antarctica

Answer 27

King et al 2007 Smith et al 2007

Question 28

Drumlins can cross cut

Answer 28

Clark 1995

Question 29

Drumlins have a range of internal sediment types

Answer 29

Stokes et al 2011

Question 30

Drumlins - subglacial till deformation

Answer 30

Boulton 1987

Question 31

Drumlins - catastrophic subglacial meltwater floods

Answer 31

Shaw et al 1989

Question 32

Drumlins - instability theory

Answer 32

Stokes et al 2016

Question 33

Key of subglacial till deformation = even without resistant cores, instabilities develop in deforming till

Answer 33

Hindmarsh 1998 Clark 2010

Question 34

Where does the water come from for catastrophic meltwater flood drumlins?

Answer 34

Clarke et al 2005

Question 35

Drumlins - erodent layer hypothesis

Answer 35

Eyles et al 2016

Question 36

First reported and named MGSL in early 1990s

Answer 36

Clarks 1993

Question 37

Initial mechanism of MSGL

Answer 37

Clark 1993

Question 38

MSGL have recently been found under Rutford Ice Stream W Antarctica using radar/seismic data

Answer 38

King et al 2009

Question 39

MSGL could also be relating to groove ploughing

Answer 39

Clark et al 2003

Question 40

MSGL could be meltwater surges

Answer 40

Shaw et al 2008

Question 41

Rogen moraine genesis - shearing/stacking of subglacial sediment

Answer 41

Ayleswroth and Shilts 1989 Bouchard 1989

Question 42

Rogen moraine genesis; subglacial megafloods

Answer 42

Fisher and Shaw 1992

Question 43

Rogen moraine genesis; fracturing theory based on jigsaw pattern

Answer 43

Hättestrand and Kleman 1997

Question 44

Who systematically quantified the characteristics of rogen moraines

Answer 44

Dunlop and Clark 2002

Question 45

Drumlins, MSGLs and flutes are related in a bedform continuum

Answer 45

Stokes et al 2013 Aartio 1977 Rose and Later 1977 Rose 1987 Ely et al 2016