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NURS 2750 Health and Healing > Week 2: Nervous system anatomy/disorders (Injuries, Hematomas, ICP) > Flashcards

Week 2: Nervous system anatomy/disorders (Injuries, Hematomas, ICP) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mild brain injury

A

bruising of the tissue

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2
Q

what is a severe brain injury

A

destruction of the brain tissue
swelling of the brain

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3
Q

what is a concussion

A

mild traumatic brain injury result of mild blow to head
reversible interference with brain function
amnesia and headaches can follow
usually recover within 24h w/o perm. damage

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4
Q

what occurs in brain when a concussion happens

A

sudden excessive movement in the brain disrupted neurologic function and a loss of conciousness

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5
Q

whats a contusion

A

result from blunt blow in head
bruising of brain tissue and rupture of small blood vessels and edema
possible residual damage

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6
Q

what causes residual damage when contusion occurs

A

regen of scar tissue

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7
Q

whats a closed head injury

A

skull not fractured
brain tissue injured
blood vessels may rupture
extensive damage can occur when head roates

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8
Q

whats an open head injury

A

fractures
penetration of brain
by sharp objects

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9
Q

what are depressed skull fractures

A

displacement of piece of bone below level of skull

  • compression of brain tissue
  • blood supply to area imparied
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10
Q

whats a basilar fracture

A

occur at base of skull
leaking of CSF through ears or nose

ex. when forehead hits winsheild car accident

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11
Q

whats a contrecoup injury

A

area of brain contralateral to site of direct damage when brain bounces off skull

ex. acceleration/ deceleration injuries

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12
Q

how can you tell the diff. btwn normal nasal discharge and CSF

A

consistency
CSF has glucose

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13
Q

primary brain injuries

A

involve laceration/compression of brain tissue
unusual force can rotate/shift brain inside skull

ex. mvmt. of lobes against eachother
damage by rough/irregular inner surface of skull
piece of bone/foregin object
rupture or compression of cerebral bl.vess.

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14
Q

secondary brain injuries

A

result from additional effects of
- cerebral edema
- hemorrhage
-hematoma
-cerebral vasospasm
-infection
-ischemia related to systemic issues

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15
Q

what does trauma to brain tissue cause

A

loss of function in part of body controlled by that area of brain

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16
Q

what does cell damage and bleeding lead to

A

inflammation, vasospasm around inury site
icp
ischemia
dysfunction

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17
Q

what does vasospasm cause

A

lack o2
vessels shrink (constriction)

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18
Q

what are hematomas

A

relation to meninges

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19
Q

epidural hematoma

A

bleeding btween.
dura and skull

-signs arise within a few hrs of injury when a patient loses consciousness after period of responses

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20
Q

whats a subdural hematoma

A

bleeding btwn.
dura and arachnoid

-acute 24h
-subacute 1wk
-tear in arachnoid

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21
Q

what does tear in arachnoid allow

A

CSF to leak into subdural space
creating additional pressure

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22
Q

whats a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleeding btwn
arachnoid and pia

-traumatic bleeding from bl.vess. at base of brain
-blood mixes w CSF- not localized hematoma

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23
Q

whats an intracerebral hematoma

A

results from contusions or shearing injuries
may develop several days after injury

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24
Q

what do all types of hematomas lead to

A

local pressure on adjacent tissue
increase in icp

25
Q

what are signs and symproms of hematomas

A

focal & general signs of increased ICP
seizures
cranial nerve impariement
otorrhea
rhinorrhea
fever

26
Q

whats a fever sign of in relation to hematomas

A

hypothalmic impairment or cranial systemic infection

27
Q

what can be used to determine the extent of brain injury

A

ct
mri

28
Q

glucocorticoid agents

A

decrease edema

29
Q

antibiotics

A

reduce risks of infection

30
Q

surgery

A

reduce icp

31
Q

blood products and o2

A

used to protect remaining brain tissue

32
Q

what within the brain is not compressible

A

skull
fluids
blood
CSF

33
Q

increase of fluid or additional mass causes what?

A

increase pressure in brain

34
Q

what happens when their is increased pressure in brain

A

ischemia and infarction of brain tissue

35
Q

what is the cycle of increased ICP

A

increased ICP
vasoconstriction
inflammatory response
vasodilation
increased blood supply to brain
increased fluid in brain
hematoma growth occurs

36
Q

whats the pathophysiology behind increased ICP

A

body first tries to shift CSF out of brain by increasing venous return
hypoxia occurs, this causes vasodilation through autoregulation effect
this increases fluid in skull

37
Q

what are early signs of increased ICP

A

decreased conciousness/responsiveness
severe headache
vomiting
papilledema

38
Q

why does severe headaches occur when ICP increases

A

stretching of dura and walls of large vessels

39
Q

what is vomiting a result of when ICP increases

A

pressure stimulating emetic center in medulla

40
Q

why does papilledema occur

A

increased ICP and swelling of optic disc

41
Q

what affects size and response of pupils

A

pressure on oculomotor nerve

42
Q

whats ptosis

A

droppy eyelid

43
Q

what are visual signs of increased ICP

A

ipsilateral pupil
ptosis

44
Q

what area the componenets of the cushings reflex of cushings triad

A

systolic hypertension
decrease HR
decrease RR

45
Q

why does systolic hypertension occur

A

systemic vasoconstric to pump more blood to brain to relieve ischemia

46
Q

why does HR decrease

A

by baroreceptor in carotid arteries in response to high BP

47
Q

why does RR decrease

A

by chemoreceptors bcz of low co2

48
Q

why does only systolic BP increase

A

bcz of slow HR and intermittent cushing triad

49
Q

what is significant in ppl w ICP

A

increase Pulse pressure

50
Q

what occurs if ICP is not relieved

A

drop in BP
RR control destroyed
cheyne strokes respiration

51
Q

why does bp drop if icp is not relieved

A

loss of circulatory control with severe ischemia and neruonal death

52
Q

why are respiratory controls destoryed when ICP is not releived

A

herniation pushes donw on brain stem

53
Q

what are cheyne stokes respiration

A

alternating apnea and periods of increased and decreasing respirations

54
Q

whats elevated when icp is increased

A

pressure of CSF

55
Q

whta does it mean when CSF is pink

A

contains erythrocytes RBC

56
Q

what does it mean when CSF is cloudy and yellow

A

contains WBC

57
Q

what may abnormal protein levels indicate

A

neoplasm

58
Q

contents moved from one place to another through a membrane

A

herniation

NURS 2750 Health and Healing (11 decks)

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