Week 2- Motor Control Flashcards
Motor control
Ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement
What factors combine to create movement?
- Individual
- Environment
- Task
Systems underlying motor control
- Motor/Action
- Sensory/Perceptual
- Cognitive
What motor/action systems determine movement
- Neuromuscular
- Biomechanical
What does the sensory/perceptual system do for movement?
Info about body and environment
What does the cognitive system do for movement?
- Attention
- Planning
- Problem solving
- Motivation
- Emotional
aspects that underlie intent/goals of movement
Classification Scheme for Movement Tasks
- Discrete vs Continuous
- Closed vs Open
- Stability vs Mobility
- Manipulation vs Nonmanipulation tasks
Discrete tasks
Recognizable beginning and end
Continuous tasks
End of the task is decided arbitrarily
Closed tasks
Tasks are performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments
Open tasks
Requires performers to adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment
Stability tasks
Nonmoving base of support
Mobility tasks
Require moving the base of support
Manipulation tasks
Involve movement of the upper extremities
Nonmanipulation tasks
Do not involve movement of the upper extremities
Environmental Constraints
- Regulatory features
- Nonregulatory features
Regulatory Environmental Constraints
- Actively shape movement
- Ex: size and shape of a ball
Nonregulatory Environmental Constraints
- Impact performance, but do not shape the movement
- Ex: background noise
Reflex Theory
- Movement is a result of reflexes
- Need sensation
What are the limitations of the reflex theory?
- We can turn off reflexes
- Sensation not required for movement
- We can anticipate and alter movement w/o sensation (feed forward)
Hierarchical Theory
- Top down model, brain is in control
- Damage to the higher centers changes reflexes
What are the limitations of the hierarchical theory?
- Movement can happen w/o connection to the brain
- Reflexes come and go as needed
Motor programming theory
- Control pattern/program
- Store rules for general movements
- No need for sensation
What are the limitations of the motor programming theory?
- Too many degrees of freedom
- Cognitive requirements too great
- Context dependency
Systems Theory
- Control is distributed
- Interactive, cooperative system
- Internal and external forces
What are the limitations of the systems theory?
Not really any
Dynamic Action (Systems) Theory
- Movement is self-organized (get the job done)
- Individual parts act collectively
- Movement emerges as a result of interacting elements
Ecological Theory
- Info from environment controls movement
- Motor control evolved to cop w/ environment
- PERCEPTION is the key element
