Week 2- Motor Control

Question 1

Motor control

Answer 1

Ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

What factors combine to create movement?

Answer 2

• Individual
• Environment
• Task

Question 3

Systems underlying motor control

Answer 3

• Motor/Action
• Sensory/Perceptual
• Cognitive

Question 4

What motor/action systems determine movement

Answer 4

• Neuromuscular

- Biomechanical

Question 5

What does the sensory/perceptual system do for movement?

Answer 5

Info about body and environment

Question 6

What does the cognitive system do for movement?

Answer 6

• Attention
• Planning
• Problem solving
• Motivation
• Emotional
  aspects that underlie intent/goals of movement

Question 7

Classification Scheme for Movement Tasks

Answer 7

• Discrete vs Continuous
• Closed vs Open
• Stability vs Mobility
• Manipulation vs Nonmanipulation tasks

Question 8

Discrete tasks

Answer 8

Recognizable beginning and end

Question 9

Continuous tasks

Answer 9

End of the task is decided arbitrarily

Question 10

Closed tasks

Answer 10

Tasks are performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments

Question 11

Open tasks

Answer 11

Requires performers to adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment

Question 12

Stability tasks

Answer 12

Nonmoving base of support

Question 13

Mobility tasks

Answer 13

Require moving the base of support

Question 14

Manipulation tasks

Answer 14

Involve movement of the upper extremities

Question 15

Nonmanipulation tasks

Answer 15

Do not involve movement of the upper extremities

Question 16

Environmental Constraints

Answer 16

• Regulatory features

- Nonregulatory features

Question 17

Regulatory Environmental Constraints

Answer 17

• Actively shape movement

- Ex: size and shape of a ball

Question 18

Nonregulatory Environmental Constraints

Answer 18

• Impact performance, but do not shape the movement

- Ex: background noise

Question 19

Reflex Theory

Answer 19

• Movement is a result of reflexes

- Need sensation

Question 20

What are the limitations of the reflex theory?

Answer 20

• We can turn off reflexes
• Sensation not required for movement
• We can anticipate and alter movement w/o sensation (feed forward)

Question 21

Hierarchical Theory

Answer 21

• Top down model, brain is in control

- Damage to the higher centers changes reflexes

Question 22

What are the limitations of the hierarchical theory?

Answer 22

• Movement can happen w/o connection to the brain

- Reflexes come and go as needed

Question 23

Motor programming theory

Answer 23

• Control pattern/program
• Store rules for general movements
• No need for sensation

Question 24

What are the limitations of the motor programming theory?

Answer 24

• Too many degrees of freedom
• Cognitive requirements too great
• Context dependency

Question 25

Systems Theory

Answer 25

• Control is distributed
• Interactive, cooperative system
• Internal and external forces

Question 26

What are the limitations of the systems theory?

Answer 26

Not really any

Question 27

Dynamic Action (Systems) Theory

Answer 27

• Movement is self-organized (get the job done)
• Individual parts act collectively
• Movement emerges as a result of interacting elements

Question 28

Ecological Theory

Answer 28

• Info from environment controls movement
• Motor control evolved to cop w/ environment
• PERCEPTION is the key element