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South College Therapeutic Interventions > Week 1- Biomechanics of Skeletal and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Week 1- Biomechanics of Skeletal and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What process is responsible for adaptation in the human movement system?

A

Mechanotransduction

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2
Q

Mechanotransduction

A
  • The process by which the body converts physical stress into cellular responses
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3
Q

What is the result of the cellular responses?

A

Structural and functional adaptations

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4
Q

Characteristic tissue responses

A
  • Maintenance of physical stress tolerance
  • Increased physical stress tolerance
  • Decreased physical stress tolerance
  • Injury
  • Death
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5
Q

How does bone respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased bone mineral density

- Decreased strength

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6
Q

How does bone respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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7
Q

How does bone respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased bone mineral density

- Increased strength

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8
Q

How does bone respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Fracture

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9
Q

How does cartilage respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased proteoglycan content
  • Decreased thickness
  • Decreased stiffness
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10
Q

How does cartilage respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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11
Q

How does cartilage respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased proteoglycan content
  • Increased thickness
  • Increased stiffness
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12
Q

How does cartilage respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Tear or degeneration

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13
Q

How do ligaments respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased cross-sectional area
  • Decreased stiffness
  • Decreased strength
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14
Q

How do ligaments respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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15
Q

How do ligaments respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased cross-sectional area
  • Increased stiffness
  • Increased strength
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16
Q

How do ligaments respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Sprain

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17
Q

How do tendons respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased cross-sectional area
  • Decreased stiffness
  • Decreased strength
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18
Q

How do tendons respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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19
Q

How do tendons respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased cross-sectional area
  • Increased stiffness
  • Increased strength
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20
Q

How do tendons respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Strain

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21
Q

How does muscle respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased contractile protein
  • Decreased fiber diameter
  • Decreased peak tension
  • Decreased peak power
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22
Q

How does muscle respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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23
Q

How does muscle respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased contractile protein
  • Increased fiber diameter
  • Increased peak tension
  • Increased peak power
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24
Q

How does muscle respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Strain

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25
Q

How do neurons respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased max discharge rate
  • Increased recruitment threshold
  • Decreased activation w/ MVC
  • Loss of neurons
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26
Q

How do neurons respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

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27
Q

How do neurons respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased max discharge rate
  • Decreased recruitment threshold
  • Increased activation w/ MVC
  • Increased motor unit synchronization
  • Increased dendtritic arborization
  • Increased serotonergic neural activity
  • Increased synaptic transmission
  • Neurogenesis
28
Q

How do neurons respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Axonal demyelination and degeneration

29
Q

How does the heart respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased cardiac muscle mass
  • Decreased capillary density
  • Decreased stroke volume
30
Q

How does the heart respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

31
Q

How does the heart respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased cardiac muscle mass
  • Increased capillary density
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased metabolic activity
32
Q

How does the heart respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A
  • Fibrosis
  • Aneurysm
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
33
Q

How do blood vessels respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased vascular diameter

- Decreased arterial compliance

34
Q

How do blood vessels respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

35
Q

How do blood vessels respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased vascular diameter

- Inecreased arterial compliance

36
Q

How do blood vessels respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A
  • Fibrosis

- Aneurysm

37
Q

How does the skin respond to low physical stress levels?

A
  • Decreased collagen content
  • Decreased collagen fiber diameter
  • Decreased strength
  • Decreased thickness
38
Q

How does the skin respond to normal physical stress levels?

A

No change

39
Q

How does the skin respond to high physical stress levels?

A
  • Increased collagen content
  • Increased collagen fiber diameter
  • Increased strength
  • Increased thickness
40
Q

How does the skin respond to excessive physical stress levels?

A

Abrasion or wound

41
Q

Determinants of muscle force production

A
  • Motor unit recruitment
  • Muscle fiber type
  • Muscle length
  • Speed of contraction
  • Muscle action
  • Torque potential
  • Muscle architecture
42
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A
  • Small units recruited first (conserves energy)
  • Small are usually stabilizers
  • Large are usually “movers”
43
Q

Muscle fiber type

A
  • Type I: small, oxidative, low force
  • Type IIa: intermediate size, oxidative glycolytic, intermediate force
  • Type IIx: large, fast glycolytic, high force
44
Q

Passive tension

A
  • Stretch on a muscle by extending a joint
  • Generates a spring resistance (stiffness)
  • Develops the elastic component of muscle
  • No active contraction
45
Q

Activee tension

A
  • Initiated by cross-bridge formation

- Tension produced by contraction

46
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

There is an ideal overlap of myofilaments to maximize tension through contraction

47
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

Reduced capacity to produce active tension when muscles are placed on slack across multiple joints

48
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

Inability of a multi-joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full ROM of all the joints it crosses simultaneously

49
Q

Speed of contraction- eccentric

A
  • Velocity increases as weight increases

- Lower heavy quickly, lower light slowly

50
Q

Speed of contraction- concentric

A
  • Velocity increases as weight decreases

- Lift heavy slowly, lift light quickly

51
Q

Muscle action

A
  • Concentric < Isometric < Eccentric
  • We can lower more than we can hold
  • We can hold more than we can lift
52
Q

Torque potential

A

Moment arm changes during movement, altering the torque potential of the muscle

53
Q

Muscle architecture

A
  • Fibers of pennate muscles run at an angle, allowing more fibers in the muscle
  • This produces more force
54
Q

Determinants of mechanical properties of nervous tissue

A
  • Continuity of nervous tissue tract
  • Supporting connective tissue
  • Peripheral nervous system factors
  • Central nervous system factors
55
Q

Mechanical factors of the peripheral NS

A
  • Inter- and intra neural plexus formation

- Quantity of fascicles

56
Q

Mechanical factors of the central NS

A
  • Folding and twisting of axons

- Movement in relation to bony segments

57
Q

Interneural plexus formation

A

Distribution of forces within a combo of nerves

58
Q

Intraneural plexus formation

A

Distribution of forces within a specific nerve

59
Q

How does the quantity pf nerve vesicles affect the mechanics of the peripheral NS?

A

Greater pressure is required to affect the nerves in a neuron w/ smaller number of fascicles

60
Q

What role does the folding and twisting of axons play?

A
  • Creates a redundancy within the tissue

- Allows the neural structures to elongate prior to exposure to significant tensile forces

61
Q

How should nerves relate to the surrounding bony segments?

A

Nervous tissue needs to be able to move past adjacent structures in which they are housed

62
Q

Physical stresses placed on nerves

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Excursion
63
Q

How do nerves respond to compression?

A

Compression is normal, within certain limits

64
Q

Is neural tissue elastic?

A

No

65
Q

What happens if a nerve experiences tension?

A
  • Leads to decreased cross-section area

- Increased intraneural pressure

66
Q

What is excursion?

A

The ability to “slide” relative to the adjacent interfacing extraneural structures

South College Therapeutic Interventions (23 decks)

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