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CYTOLOGY > week 2 - intro to cytogenetics > Flashcards

week 2 - intro to cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the study of the laws of
hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began
with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.

A

Classical genetics

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2
Q

The study of genes in populations
of animals, plants, and microbes provides information
on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and
extents of mixing among different varieties and species,
and methods of adaptation to the environment

A

Population genetics

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3
Q

branch of genetics that studies the
structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies
the number and morphology of the chromosome

A

Cytogenetics

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4
Q

the study of the molecular
structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its
replication), and its influence in determining the overall
makeup of an organism

A

Molecular genetics

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5
Q

he proposed that “HUMORS” served as bearers of
traits

A

aristotle

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6
Q

he proposed the theory of epigenesis

A

William Harvey

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7
Q

states that the fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult called a
homunculus

A

Preformationism

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8
Q

what do you call a fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult

A

homunculus

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9
Q

A theory where an embryo developed progressively from undifferentiated egg cell

A

EPIGENESIS

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10
Q

a theory stating that all organisms are composed of cell

A

cell theory

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11
Q

a theory saying all living organisms came from non living organisms

A

Spontaneous Generation

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12
Q

he proposed that existing species are those by descent with
modification from ancestral species

A

CHARLES DARWIN

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13
Q

he Formulated the theory of Natural Selection

A

CHARLES DARWIN

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14
Q

formulated the theory of evolution where adaptation in environment is the one we need to survive

A

CHARLES DARWIN

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15
Q

___ states that individuals with heritable
traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are
better able to survive and reproduce than those with less
adaptive traits.

A

Natural selection

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16
Q

he Published a paper describing how traits are passed from
one generation to the other, utilizing a specific plants as
models

A

GREGOR MENDEL

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17
Q

gregor mendels utilize what plant?

A

pea plants

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18
Q

He further concluded that each trait in pea plants is
controlled by a pair of factors (which we now call
genes) and that members of a gene pair separate from each other during gamete
formation (the formation of egg cells and sperm)

A

gregor mendel

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19
Q

Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the
structures called ___

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells

A

Diploid number (2n) – the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells

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21
Q

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called

A

homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

how many chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pairs

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23
Q

In meiosis, the cells receive only one chromosome from each
chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome
is called the

A

haploid number (n).

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24
Q

In ___, the chromosomes are copied and distributed to
each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of
chromosomes.

A

mitosis

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25
Q

Finally, the chromosomal theory of inheritance states that
“___ are controlled by ____ residing on
___ faithfully transmitted through __ ,
maintaining genetic continuity from generation to
generation.”

A

inherited traits; genes; chromosomes; gametes;

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26
Q

Scientists tried to identify which component of the
chromosomes carries genetic inform, which found out that it’s the

A

DNA

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27
Q

The major chemical component chromosomes were ___ and ___

A

DNA and
proteins.

28
Q

is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to
form a double helix

A

DNA

29
Q

Each strand of the molecule is made up of ____

A

nucleotide

30
Q

The four types of nucleotides found in DNA are: ___

A

A
(adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine)

31
Q

nucleotides is composed of 3 groups

A

phosphate group
sugar group
nitrogenous base/group

32
Q

In DNA, adenine is always paired with?

A

Thymine

33
Q

a=t and c=g is always paired with each other that’s why they are called

A

complementary base pair

34
Q

The ___ are exact complements of each other, so
that the double helix consist of A=T and
G=C base pairs.

A

DNA ladder

35
Q

The ___ is also made up of nucleotides but contains a
different sugar than DNA

A

RNA

36
Q

It is a single-stranded molecule that contains uracil (U) in
place of thymine.

A

RNA

37
Q

The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to
form a functional gene product, which in most cases, a
____

A

protein

38
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the process begin in the nucleus
with ___.

A

transcription

39
Q

After the transcription process, the mRNA produced then moves to the cytoplasm and
migrates to the ___.

A

ribosomes

40
Q

The synthesis of protein under the direction of the
mRNA is called ___.

A

translation

41
Q

Information encoded in mRNA (the genetic code)
consists of linear series of nucleotide triplets (_____).

A

codon

42
Q

Each codon is complementary to the information
stored in DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific
___ into a protein.

A

amino acid

43
Q

Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of
___.

A

tRNAs

44
Q

it perform diverse biological functions

A

Proteins

45
Q

____, the largest category of proteins, serve as biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

46
Q

in a discussion, what protein take part in muscle?

A

actin and myosin

47
Q

in the discussion, what protein is associated with the connective tissue

A

collagen

48
Q

explain how protein shape and chemical behaviour are determined?

A

A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are
determined by its linear sequence of amino acids,
which in turn is dictated by the stored information in
the DNA of a gene that is transferred to RNA, which
then directs the protein’s synthesis.

49
Q

Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural
properties play a role in producing a ___.

A

phenotype

50
Q

When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even
eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and
cause an ___.

A

altered phenotype

51
Q

a technology or a process wherein Researchers discovered restriction enzymes that could
be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific
nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a
reproducible set of DNA fragments.

A

RECOMBINAT DNA TECHNOLOGY

52
Q

Soon researchers discovered ways on how to insert the
DNA fragments into carrier DNA molecules (___)
to form ____.

A

vectors; recombinant DNA molecules

53
Q

after inserting the dna fragments to the carrier DNA molecules, it will then be transferred into __

A

bacterial cells

54
Q

The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial
cells to produce thousand of copies, or called ___.

A

clones

55
Q

what is the one that the researchers can use to cut any organism’s dna at a specific nucleotide?

A

restriction enzyme

56
Q

examples of recombinant dna are

A

gmo - genetically modified organism
vaccine

57
Q

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other
molecular techniques to make products is

A

biotechnology

58
Q

example of hereditary disorders that can be detected by the biotech

A

spinal muscular atrophy and cystic fibrosis

59
Q

study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and
evolution of genes and genomes

A

Genomics

60
Q

identifies the et of proteins present in a cell under a
given set of conditions, and studies their functions and
interactions

A

Proteomics

61
Q

subfield of information technology used to store,
retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data
generated by genomics and proteomics

A

Bioinformatics

62
Q

what is the model organism used in plants?

A

fruit fly (Drosophila
melanogaster)

63
Q

what is the model organism used in animals?

A

mouse (Mus musculus)

64
Q

what are the reason for using small number of organism?

A

(1) genetic
mechanisms were the same in most organisms
(2)
these organisms had characteristics that made them
especially suitable for genetic research.

They were easy to grow, had relatively SHORT LIFE cycles, produced MANY OFFSPRINGS , and their
genetic analysis was fairly STRAIGHT FORWARD.

65
Q

disadvantage of biotechnology

A

There are many genetics related issues, including
concerns about prenatal testing, genetic
discrimination, ownership of genes, access to and
safety of gene therapy, and genetic privacy.

66
Q

advantage of biotechnology

A

Genetics and its applications in biotechnology are
developing much faster than the social
conventions, public policies, and laws required to
regulate their

CYTOLOGY (10 decks)

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