week 2 - intro to cytogenetics Flashcards
refers to the study of the laws of
hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began
with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.
Classical genetics
The study of genes in populations
of animals, plants, and microbes provides information
on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and
extents of mixing among different varieties and species,
and methods of adaptation to the environment
Population genetics
branch of genetics that studies the
structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies
the number and morphology of the chromosome
Cytogenetics
the study of the molecular
structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its
replication), and its influence in determining the overall
makeup of an organism
Molecular genetics
he proposed that “HUMORS” served as bearers of
traits
aristotle
he proposed the theory of epigenesis
William Harvey
states that the fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult called a
homunculus
Preformationism
what do you call a fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult
homunculus
A theory where an embryo developed progressively from undifferentiated egg cell
EPIGENESIS
a theory stating that all organisms are composed of cell
cell theory
a theory saying all living organisms came from non living organisms
Spontaneous Generation
he proposed that existing species are those by descent with
modification from ancestral species
CHARLES DARWIN
he Formulated the theory of Natural Selection
CHARLES DARWIN
formulated the theory of evolution where adaptation in environment is the one we need to survive
CHARLES DARWIN
___ states that individuals with heritable
traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are
better able to survive and reproduce than those with less
adaptive traits.
Natural selection
he Published a paper describing how traits are passed from
one generation to the other, utilizing a specific plants as
models
GREGOR MENDEL
gregor mendels utilize what plant?
pea plants
He further concluded that each trait in pea plants is
controlled by a pair of factors (which we now call
genes) and that members of a gene pair separate from each other during gamete
formation (the formation of egg cells and sperm)
gregor mendel
Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the
structures called ___
chromosomes
the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells
Diploid number (2n) – the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells
Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called
homologous chromosomes
how many chromosomes do we have?
23 pairs
In meiosis, the cells receive only one chromosome from each
chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome
is called the
haploid number (n).
In ___, the chromosomes are copied and distributed to
each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of
chromosomes.
mitosis
Finally, the chromosomal theory of inheritance states that
“___ are controlled by ____ residing on
___ faithfully transmitted through __ ,
maintaining genetic continuity from generation to
generation.”
inherited traits; genes; chromosomes; gametes;
Scientists tried to identify which component of the
chromosomes carries genetic inform, which found out that it’s the
DNA
The major chemical component chromosomes were ___ and ___
DNA and
proteins.
is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to
form a double helix
DNA
Each strand of the molecule is made up of ____
nucleotide
The four types of nucleotides found in DNA are: ___
A
(adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine)
nucleotides is composed of 3 groups
phosphate group
sugar group
nitrogenous base/group
In DNA, adenine is always paired with?
Thymine
a=t and c=g is always paired with each other that’s why they are called
complementary base pair
The ___ are exact complements of each other, so
that the double helix consist of A=T and
G=C base pairs.
DNA ladder
The ___ is also made up of nucleotides but contains a
different sugar than DNA
RNA
It is a single-stranded molecule that contains uracil (U) in
place of thymine.
RNA
The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to
form a functional gene product, which in most cases, a
____
protein
In eukaryotic cells, the process begin in the nucleus
with ___.
transcription
After the transcription process, the mRNA produced then moves to the cytoplasm and
migrates to the ___.
ribosomes
The synthesis of protein under the direction of the
mRNA is called ___.
translation
Information encoded in mRNA (the genetic code)
consists of linear series of nucleotide triplets (_____).
codon
Each codon is complementary to the information
stored in DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific
___ into a protein.
amino acid
Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of
___.
tRNAs
it perform diverse biological functions
Proteins
____, the largest category of proteins, serve as biological catalysts
Enzymes
in a discussion, what protein take part in muscle?
actin and myosin
in the discussion, what protein is associated with the connective tissue
collagen
explain how protein shape and chemical behaviour are determined?
A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are
determined by its linear sequence of amino acids,
which in turn is dictated by the stored information in
the DNA of a gene that is transferred to RNA, which
then directs the protein’s synthesis.
Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural
properties play a role in producing a ___.
phenotype
When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even
eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and
cause an ___.
altered phenotype
a technology or a process wherein Researchers discovered restriction enzymes that could
be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific
nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a
reproducible set of DNA fragments.
RECOMBINAT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Soon researchers discovered ways on how to insert the
DNA fragments into carrier DNA molecules (___)
to form ____.
vectors; recombinant DNA molecules
after inserting the dna fragments to the carrier DNA molecules, it will then be transferred into __
bacterial cells
The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial
cells to produce thousand of copies, or called ___.
clones
what is the one that the researchers can use to cut any organism’s dna at a specific nucleotide?
restriction enzyme
examples of recombinant dna are
gmo - genetically modified organism
vaccine
The use of recombinant DNA technology and other
molecular techniques to make products is
biotechnology
example of hereditary disorders that can be detected by the biotech
spinal muscular atrophy and cystic fibrosis
study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and
evolution of genes and genomes
Genomics
identifies the et of proteins present in a cell under a
given set of conditions, and studies their functions and
interactions
Proteomics
subfield of information technology used to store,
retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data
generated by genomics and proteomics
Bioinformatics
what is the model organism used in plants?
fruit fly (Drosophila
melanogaster)
what is the model organism used in animals?
mouse (Mus musculus)
what are the reason for using small number of organism?
(1) genetic
mechanisms were the same in most organisms
(2)
these organisms had characteristics that made them
especially suitable for genetic research.
They were easy to grow, had relatively SHORT LIFE cycles, produced MANY OFFSPRINGS , and their
genetic analysis was fairly STRAIGHT FORWARD.
disadvantage of biotechnology
There are many genetics related issues, including
concerns about prenatal testing, genetic
discrimination, ownership of genes, access to and
safety of gene therapy, and genetic privacy.
advantage of biotechnology
Genetics and its applications in biotechnology are
developing much faster than the social
conventions, public policies, and laws required to
regulate their
