MODEL ORGANISM Flashcards
Organisms (non-human species) used for the study
of biological processes
MODEL ORGANISM
Genes with similar functions in different
organisms tend to be similar or identical
in structure and nucleotide sequence.
model organism
model organism Show facts or principles that are relevant to an entire domain of life
true or false
true
characteristics of model organism
They are often small,
have short generation time,
easy to work with in large numbers
and cheap to maintain,
produce many offspring
model organism are used to study human disease
true or false
true
is an example of a prokaryote or bacteria model organism
Escherichia coli
is the
classical model of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Escherichia coli
It is used to study transcription, translation,
recombination, DNA repair and gene
regulation
Prokaryotes (Bacteria):
bacteria or prokaryotes model organism cell divides every how many minutes?
2 minutes
a specific yeast used as a model organism
Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
was the first eukaryote genome to be fully
sequences
Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
___ are useful organism for the study of
basic eukaryotic phenomena
Yeasts
Cell cycle regulation, metabolism
protein folding, and DNA repair
Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
____ is more related to animals
than plants, they are excellent
model organisms for the study of
human cells
Yeast
yeast Chief limitation is the lack of ___
distinct tissues
advantages of yeast as a model organism
- Excellent genetics
- Genes can be easily cloned
- Genome sequence complete
- Possess all basic eukaryotic organelles
- Cell cycle control similar to animals
disadvantage of yeast as a model organism
no distinct organism
It was chosen as a model
organisms for its simplicity and experimental
tractability, with the initial interest in the development
of the nervous system
Caenorhabditis elegans
First multicellular organism with its
complete genome sequenced
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans’s rapid life cycle
3-days from egg to adult
a distinct feature of Caenorhabditis elegans
self-fertilizing hermaphrodite.
hermaphrodite means
self fertilizing
It has an invariant number of
somatic cells
Caenorhabditis elegans
Forward and reverse genetic have led to
the molecular identification of many genes
in developmental and cell biological
process
Caenorhabditis elegans
is where we study the phenotype then finding
the genus that is responsible for
the particular phenotype
Forward genetics
is where we
already know the gene and the
DNA sequence, but the functions
and how it affects the phenotype is
not present.
Reversed genetics
It is transparent so individual cells are
easily visualized
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans, In and adult hermaphrodite, there are ___ neurons
302
how many percent of C. elegans protein
encoding genes have orthologues
in the human genome.
38%
Caenorhabditis elegans advantage as a model organism
- Excellent genetics
- Hermaphrodites
- RNAi effective
- Genome sequence complete
- Few cells: 959 cells, 302 neurons
- All cell lineages are known
Caenorhabditis elegans disadvantage as model organism
- Limited external morphology
- Less similar to human than flies
- Some embryological manipulations difficult
a specific fruit fly used as a model organism
Drosophila melanogaster
is a model used
to study several human diseases
Fruit Fly: Drosophila melanogaster
Extensively used in biomedical research
fruit fly
Mutant genes identified in the __ that
produce abnormalities of the nervous
system have been found to have human
counterparts
fruit fly
Utilized for the transfer of mutant human
disease genes using recombinant DNA
technology
fruit fly
The manipulability of its genetic system and
its comparable biological complexity to
mammals make it a good model organism
fruit fly
Provided new insights into cancer,
neurodegenerative diseases, behavior,
immunity, aging and development
fruit fly
fruit fly is used by ____
thomas hunt morgan
fruit fly is used by thomas hunt morgan that is related to the theory of __
chromosomal theory of inheritance
fruit fly’s advantage
- Genome sequence complete
- RNAi effective
- Fast generation time
- Transgenic animals easily generated
- Mosaic analysis
fruit fly’s disadvantage
- Embryological manipulations difficult
Vertebrate systems such
as the ____ provide an accurate model for
human disease conditions
zebrafish
what specific zebrafish is used as a model organism
danio rerio
Small and cheaper to maintain than mice
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
The embryos are nearly transparent which
allows the observation of the development
of internal structures
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
Eggs are fertilized outside the mother’s
body, thus useful for studying early
development
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
Similar genetic structure to humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
Has the same major organs and tissues
as humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
Their blood, kidneys, and eyes
share many features with human
systems
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)’s advantage
- Simplest vertebrate with good genetics
- Easy examination of morphological defects (clear embryos)
- Embryological manipulations possible
- Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (eyes,
heart, blood, GIT) - Rapid vertebrate development
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)’s disadvantage
- Cannot easily make transgenic animals
a model organism that Contributed to the knowledge of the
immune system, virology, cell biology, cancer and
genetics
chick embryo
a model organism that are used to study development
chick embryo
chick embryo is can be used as well in what assay
camp assay
Chick Embryo’s advantage
-Availability, low cost
- Accessibility, outside of mother
- Well suited for embryological manipulation
- Easily transfected by avian retroviruses
Chick Embryo’s disadvantage
- Limited genome data at present
a model organism Used to study aspects of human biology and medicine
mouse
Closest mammalian model organism to
humans
mouse
The advantage of the mouse system is the
ability to make __
targeted gene knockouts
___ are usually
utilized during reverse genetics
and are non-functional
Gene knockouts
___was once the
animal of choice decades ago but became
unpopular because its genome cannot
tolerate insertion of foreign DNA near the
extent of the mouse genome
Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
The strength of using a ___
as a model organism is that it
provides an accurate model for
disease conditions.
vertebrae
mouse’s advantage as a model organism
- Mammal with brains similar to human
- Reverse genetics
- Developmental overview is same for all mammals
- Construction of chimeric embryos possible
- Availability of material at all stages
- Source of primary cells for culture
mouse’s disadvantage model organism
-Forward genetics difficult
- Embryonic manipulations difficult (inside mother)
- Development and life cycle relatively slow (months)
Arabidopsis thaliana is also known as
thalecress
A sophisticated model for the plant
kingdom
Arabidopsis thaliana
Small size, easy genetics, and with prolific
seed production through self pollination
Arabidopsis thaliana
a model organism Recognized because of its small genome
Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana’s advantage
- Many diseases, self-reporting mutants
- Some good family pedigrees
- Genome sequence complete
Arabidopsis thaliana’s disadvantage
-Fetal material difficult
- No experimental access
