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CYTOLOGY > MODEL ORGANISM > Flashcards

MODEL ORGANISM Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms (non-human species) used for the study
of biological processes

A

MODEL ORGANISM

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2
Q

Genes with similar functions in different
organisms tend to be similar or identical
in structure and nucleotide sequence.

A

model organism

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3
Q

model organism Show facts or principles that are relevant to an entire domain of life

true or false

A

true

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4
Q

characteristics of model organism

A

They are often small,
have short generation time,
easy to work with in large numbers
and cheap to maintain,
produce many offspring

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5
Q

model organism are used to study human disease

true or false

A

true

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6
Q

is an example of a prokaryote or bacteria model organism

A

Escherichia coli

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7
Q

is the
classical model of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A

Escherichia coli

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8
Q

It is used to study transcription, translation,
recombination, DNA repair and gene
regulation

A

Prokaryotes (Bacteria):

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9
Q

bacteria or prokaryotes model organism cell divides every how many minutes?

A

2 minutes

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10
Q

a specific yeast used as a model organism

A

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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11
Q

was the first eukaryote genome to be fully
sequences

A

Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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12
Q

___ are useful organism for the study of
basic eukaryotic phenomena

A

Yeasts

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13
Q

Cell cycle regulation, metabolism
protein folding, and DNA repair

A

Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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14
Q

____ is more related to animals
than plants, they are excellent
model organisms for the study of
human cells

A

Yeast

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15
Q

yeast Chief limitation is the lack of ___

A

distinct tissues

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16
Q

advantages of yeast as a model organism

A
  • Excellent genetics
  • Genes can be easily cloned
  • Genome sequence complete
  • Possess all basic eukaryotic organelles
  • Cell cycle control similar to animals
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17
Q

disadvantage of yeast as a model organism

A

no distinct organism

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18
Q

It was chosen as a model
organisms for its simplicity and experimental
tractability, with the initial interest in the development
of the nervous system

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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19
Q

First multicellular organism with its
complete genome sequenced

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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20
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans’s rapid life cycle

A

3-days from egg to adult

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21
Q

a distinct feature of Caenorhabditis elegans

A

self-fertilizing hermaphrodite.

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22
Q

hermaphrodite means

A

self fertilizing

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23
Q

It has an invariant number of
somatic cells

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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24
Q

Forward and reverse genetic have led to
the molecular identification of many genes
in developmental and cell biological
process

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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25
Q

is where we study the phenotype then finding
the genus that is responsible for
the particular phenotype

A

Forward genetics

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26
Q

is where we
already know the gene and the
DNA sequence, but the functions
and how it affects the phenotype is
not present.

A

Reversed genetics

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27
Q

It is transparent so individual cells are
easily visualized

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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28
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans, In and adult hermaphrodite, there are ___ neurons

A

302

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29
Q

how many percent of C. elegans protein
encoding genes have orthologues
in the human genome.

A

38%

30
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans advantage as a model organism

A
  • Excellent genetics
  • Hermaphrodites
  • RNAi effective
  • Genome sequence complete
  • Few cells: 959 cells, 302 neurons
  • All cell lineages are known
31
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans disadvantage as model organism

A
  • Limited external morphology
  • Less similar to human than flies
  • Some embryological manipulations difficult
32
Q

a specific fruit fly used as a model organism

A

Drosophila melanogaster

33
Q

is a model used
to study several human diseases

A

Fruit Fly: Drosophila melanogaster

34
Q

Extensively used in biomedical research

A

fruit fly

35
Q

Mutant genes identified in the __ that
produce abnormalities of the nervous
system have been found to have human
counterparts

A

fruit fly

36
Q

Utilized for the transfer of mutant human
disease genes using recombinant DNA
technology

A

fruit fly

37
Q

The manipulability of its genetic system and
its comparable biological complexity to
mammals make it a good model organism

A

fruit fly

38
Q

Provided new insights into cancer,
neurodegenerative diseases, behavior,
immunity, aging and development

A

fruit fly

39
Q

fruit fly is used by ____

A

thomas hunt morgan

40
Q

fruit fly is used by thomas hunt morgan that is related to the theory of __

A

chromosomal theory of inheritance

41
Q

fruit fly’s advantage

A
  • Genome sequence complete
  • RNAi effective
  • Fast generation time
  • Transgenic animals easily generated
  • Mosaic analysis
42
Q

fruit fly’s disadvantage

A
  • Embryological manipulations difficult
43
Q

Vertebrate systems such
as the ____ provide an accurate model for
human disease conditions

A

zebrafish

44
Q

what specific zebrafish is used as a model organism

A

danio rerio

45
Q

Small and cheaper to maintain than mice

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

46
Q

The embryos are nearly transparent which
allows the observation of the development
of internal structures

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

47
Q

Eggs are fertilized outside the mother’s
body, thus useful for studying early
development

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

48
Q

Similar genetic structure to humans

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

49
Q

Has the same major organs and tissues
as humans

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

50
Q

Their blood, kidneys, and eyes
share many features with human
systems

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio):

51
Q

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)’s advantage

A
  • Simplest vertebrate with good genetics
  • Easy examination of morphological defects (clear embryos)
  • Embryological manipulations possible
  • Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (eyes,
    heart, blood, GIT)
  • Rapid vertebrate development
52
Q

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)’s disadvantage

A
  • Cannot easily make transgenic animals
53
Q

a model organism that Contributed to the knowledge of the
immune system, virology, cell biology, cancer and
genetics

A

chick embryo

54
Q

a model organism that are used to study development

A

chick embryo

55
Q

chick embryo is can be used as well in what assay

A

camp assay

56
Q

Chick Embryo’s advantage

A

-Availability, low cost
- Accessibility, outside of mother
- Well suited for embryological manipulation
- Easily transfected by avian retroviruses

57
Q

Chick Embryo’s disadvantage

A
  • Limited genome data at present
58
Q

a model organism Used to study aspects of human biology and medicine

A

mouse

59
Q

Closest mammalian model organism to
humans

A

mouse

60
Q

The advantage of the mouse system is the
ability to make __

A

targeted gene knockouts

61
Q

___ are usually
utilized during reverse genetics
and are non-functional

A

Gene knockouts

62
Q

___was once the
animal of choice decades ago but became
unpopular because its genome cannot
tolerate insertion of foreign DNA near the
extent of the mouse genome

A

Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

63
Q

The strength of using a ___
as a model organism is that it
provides an accurate model for
disease conditions.

A

vertebrae

64
Q

mouse’s advantage as a model organism

A
  • Mammal with brains similar to human
  • Reverse genetics
  • Developmental overview is same for all mammals
  • Construction of chimeric embryos possible
  • Availability of material at all stages
  • Source of primary cells for culture
65
Q

mouse’s disadvantage model organism

A

-Forward genetics difficult
- Embryonic manipulations difficult (inside mother)
- Development and life cycle relatively slow (months)

66
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana is also known as

A

thalecress

67
Q

A sophisticated model for the plant
kingdom

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

68
Q

Small size, easy genetics, and with prolific
seed production through self pollination

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

69
Q

a model organism Recognized because of its small genome

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

70
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana’s advantage

A
  • Many diseases, self-reporting mutants
  • Some good family pedigrees
  • Genome sequence complete
71
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana’s disadvantage

A

-Fetal material difficult
- No experimental access

CYTOLOGY (10 decks)

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