Week 2 Immunizations Flashcards
Immunizations
Prepared by pharmaceutical companies regulated by US Food and Drug Administration
Immunizing Agents and Allergenic extracts
Two of the man groups of drugs that are classified as biologics by the FDA.
Immunizations
Involve administration of Antigen to induce antibody( immunoglobulin) formation
- Active Immunity
Normally acquired by contracting a disease, then developing immunity to it.
Being vaccinated with proteins from causative agent
Two main types of immunity:
Passive
Active
Active Immunity
A form of acquired immunity that develops
In response to an immunogen (antigen)
Naturally acquired by exposure to an infectious disease
Artificially acquired by receiving active immunizing agents (vaccines)
Vaccination= active immunization
Passive Immunity
Serum from immune people
Effectors of immunity ( immunoglobulins or antibodies) - From one immune individual to another
IgG antibodies
From mother to fetus, across placental barrier
Onset of passive immunity quicker
However, of shorter duration than active immunity
Active Immunity Agents
Biologic Products used
-Vaccines
- Suspensions of microbes ( killed/ attenuated antigenic products) intended to induce antibody formation for the prevention of disease
Many produce long- lasting immunity
Small risk of developing disease with live vaccines) especially immunosuppressed)
Active Immunity
Toxoids
Bacterial Toxins or products modified to destroy toxicity but retain antigenic properties.
Not permanent, boosters required.
Immunizing Agents
Vaccine
Produces or artificially increases immunity to a disease
May contain
Inactivated - Killed organisms
Living attenuated- reduced virulence organism
Active immunizing Agents
Main Action
Prevent , not treat disease
- Most common vaccines are highly effective
- Very Safe
Generally Available at low cost
Immunizing Agents
Active
- Usually administered before disease exposure
- Provide long- term, even permanent, protection
Passive
- Older than active agents
Various antitoxins derived from animals.
Problems in efficacy and safety
Vaccines
Most bacterial vaccines contain killed bacteria or their components.
Bacterium is developed that lacks a toxin, enzyme, or other normal constituent.
Another type contains toxoids (protein toxins)
- Modified to reduce hazardous properties without greatly altering antigenic properties
- Ex: Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid
Immunizing Agents
Vaccines
- Relatively harmless from sensitizes immune cells
Possible re- exposure to the organism
- Triggers a quicker immune response
- Used for many bacterial infections
- Also used for lesser amounts of viral infections
Indications for Use
Routine immunization of children
- Diphtheria, Hib ( Haemophilus Influenzae) infection
- Hep A, B
- Influenza A, B
- Measles( Rubeola), mumps, rubella (MMR)
- Pertussis, poliomyelitis, rotavirus
- Tetanus, varicella, pneumoccal infection
A decrease in these vaccinations has contributed to an increased prevalence of these diseases.
Indications for Use
TDAP
HiB
HEP A
HepB
MMR
HPV
PCV13
PPV23
VAR
RZV
MenACWY
MenB
RIV4
LAIV4
Covid 19
Hib
Haemophilus Influenzae
Infects the lining of the brain causing meningitis
Vaccine Protects against pericarditis, pneumonia, and infections of the blood, bones, and joints
Hep A
Killed vaccine. Need 2 doses for long lasting protection. Doses given 6 months apart
Children vaccinated between 12 - 23 months
Hep A
Spread through food and water with feces
Hep B
Spread through bodily fluids
Hep B Vaccine
Made from parts of the virus.
Given 2,3, 4 shots over 1 to 6 months
Infants first dose at birth and complete series at 6 months
Important from healthcare workers
Hep B
Need HepB need 3 dose or two dose series of Recombivax or Engerix
3 dose- 1 now then another month and then 5 months after
Two doses- now then seperated by at least 4 weeks
Hep B can stay viable on surface for a week
MMR
Two doses of MMR
Vaccine use for children 12 months to 12 years of age
1st dose- 12 - 15 months
2nd dose- 4-6 years of age
Measles
Acute systemic viral infection with fever, respiratory involvement and symptoms and a rash
Mumps
Affects the parotid glands and affects the saliva below and in front of the ears
Mumps
Spread
- Airborne
- Saliva
- Touching
S/S
Fever
loss of app
Headache
Muscle Pain
Pain when eating
Rubella
German Measles
Spread through direct contact or air.
Symptoms after 2 to 3 weeks of exposure include fever and headache
Polio
Highly contagious infection. Caused by 3 types of poliovirus. Destroys the nervous system causing paralysis.
Many people infected do not become sick or show no symptoms.
Rotavirus
Causes gastroenteritis
Genus of double- stranded RNA viruses family of Reovirdae.
HPV
Vaccines protect either 2, 4, or 9 types
All protect against type 16 and 18 these cause great risk of cervical cancer
Brands include Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix
HPV
Warts. Most common STI.
No cure for the virus. Tx is to treat the warts.
HPV vaccine to prevent warts and cervical cancer is recommended by boys and girls
Influenza A
Causes influenza in birds and mammals.
Viruses contain inactivated form either trivalant or quadvalant
Nasal spray intains live vaccine
Infleunza B
Virus from the Orthomyxoviridae.
Infects humans and seals
Diptheria
Infection caused by bacterium Corynebacterium causes a thick covering in the back of the throat can lead to breathing issues, heart failure, paralysis and even death.
DTAP
Combination of 3 to provide immunity
6 weeks to under age 7
TDAP
Used to boost immunity against the 3 same diseases.
adult and children 10 and beyond
Tdap
Contains a lower dose of vaccine that Dtap
Pertussis
Whooping Cough. Bordetella Influenza. Violent uncontrollable barking cough.
Steroid given orally. Macrolides
DTAP- infants and children
Tdap- preteens, teens, and adults
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani.
Bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust, and manure.
Dtap- Young children.
DT- Diptheria and Tet. Young children.
Tdap- Preteens and up.
TD
If you did not receive tetanus vaccine?
Start with 3 dose series with first dose being a three in one combination called TDAP.
Tetanus Booster is every
10 years
Chicken Pox
Varicella zoster. Blister like rash, itching, tiredness and fever. Droplets precautions.
Vaccine is attenuated.
Shingles
Herpes zoster virus. Dominant due to chicken pox. Spread by contact. Rash and blisters and it is unilateral and dermatomes. Runs across the eye and may lose eyesight. Contact isolation.
Vaccine is Shingrix for ages 50 and above.
Pneumococcal Infections
Caused by gram-positive sphere-shaped bacteria. Cause meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear infection. Infected when people cough or sneeze into the air.
Pneumococcal Vaccines
Conjugate
Polysaccharide vaccines.
PCV13
Given to babies.
1st dose- 2 months
2nd dose- 4 months
3rd dose- 12 months
Meningitis
Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Also hallmarked by nuchal rigidity.
Kernig’s- Resistance to full extension of leg at knee when hip is flexed
Brudzinskis- Flexion of both hips and knees when neck flexed passively.
Meningitis caused by
Nessieria Meningitidis
Vaccines
Meningococcal Conjugate VAccines
Serogroup B vaccines
All 11- 12 year olds vaccinated with meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
Bacterial Meningitis
Very serious. Permanent damage brain, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.
Viral Meningitis
Most common. Inflammation of tissue of the brain.
Fungal Meningitis who are most at risk
Weakened immune system patients
Parasitic Meningitis cause rare ?
Eosinophillic, eosinophillic meningoencephalitis.
Covid 19 Vaccines
Pfizer - 16 yrs 2 doses
Modrna - 18 yrs. 2 doses
JJ for covid 19
18 yr
1 shot
Viral Vector Vaccine
Covid 19 Booster
Pfizer series. Booster 12 to 17 age. 5 months since last dose
Moderna- 18 and up. 5 months since last dose.
JJ- 18 yr up. 2 months and above since last dose.
Immunizing Agents
Vaccines
Injection Site Reactions
Fever
Headache
Malaise
Nausea
Dizziness
Contraindications for Immunization
Febrile illness
Immunosuppresive drug therapy
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Pregnancy
Lactation
Previous reaction
Interactions
May occur upon concurrent vaccines
Monitor for fever
Monitor injection site
Use in Special Populations
Healthy teens
Older Adults
Immunosuppression
Cancer
Pneumococcal Vaccine
- major immunosuppression
- Pulmonary and Cv
- Chronic Renal
- DM
Influenza
Standards of Immunizations 65 years and under
Only routine
Booster Doses - Dipth and Tet
Shingles Vaccine
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph
Combats infectious diseases
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fat
Lymphocytes
Special proteins called antibodies . Are the dominant cells
Respond to:
Invading pathogens
Abnormal body cells
Foreign protein such as toxins
Specific Defense
Compromise Immunity
Immunity
Ability to resist infection and disease through activation of specific diseases
Lymph
Fluid flowing through lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid Organs
- Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and more
Connected to vessels
- Have large numbers of lymphocytes
Lymphatic System
garbage collection system
Fluid consists of the waste deposits of cells.
Lymph same amount as blood main difference is no pump.
Lymphatic Circulation
Pumped by vessels via contraction of muscles
No deposit of fluids= increase in swelling, inflammation, and pain along with other diseases. Lymph nodes are small filters that corner bacteria.
T Cells
Lymphocytes - Thymus dependent
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells and body cells infected with viruses
Primary cells that provide cell mediated immunity
T Lymphocytes
Lost cell immunity from disease. Example AIDS. Body can not protect itself from invaders.
B Cells
Bone marrow derived
Differentiate to plasma cells
Production, and secretion of antibodies
Called Igs
Antibodies react with antigens
- Usually pathogens, derived from pathogens or other foreign compounds
Cell- Mediated Immunity and Humoral Immunity
B Cells
Produced from circulating antibodies to act against antigen
- Released into circulation at lymph nodes
Form
- Daughter lymphocytes that develop into plasma cells
Some activated B cells turn into memory cells
- Continually produce small amounts of antibody after infection is overcome
NK Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Attack foreign cells
Virus infected cells
Cancer cells appearing in normal tissues
Immunity
Disease protection induced by antigen exposure
Active Immunity
Long Lasting
Protects body from future invaders as a result from natural antibodies
Artificial antibodies- after vaccine administration
Passive Immunity
Short Lasting
Naturally through placenta to fetus
Conveyed artificially by injection of serum antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Protein Antibodies
Secreted by B lymphs
Protect from foreign invaders
IgA, IgD. IgE, IgG, IgM
antibodies created by b lymphs in response to antigen
IgA
Found in nose, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. Also found in tears and saliva.
IgG
Bodily fluids
Most common and important in fighting viral and bacterial infections
Only type that cross the placenta
IgM
Largest antibody
Blood and lymph.
Cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances
IgE
Lungs, skin, and mucous membranes Cause the body to react with foreign invaders such as pollen, fungus, and animal dander. Involved in allergic reactions. High in people with allergies.
IgD
Antibodies found in small amounts of tissue that line belly or chest.
