Week 2 - Food Animal and Development Flashcards
Increase in structural tissues
Growth
The growth differences of body parts
Development
What are the three important tissues
Bone, Muscle, Fat
The process of growth and development within the womb, in which a single- cell zygote become an embryo, fetus and baby
Prenatal Development
Gestation Length of a cow
283
Gestation Length of a sow
115
Gestation Length of a ewe
152
Gestation Length of a human
280
What are the three main steps of embryogenesis
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Somitogenesis
What are the three germ layers in Gastrulation in order from outer to inner
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Forms the exoskeleton such as skin, hair, brain and spinal cord
Ectoderm
Develops in organs such as somites which makes skeleton tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissues
Mesoderm
Forms the inner lining of organs such as the liver, pancreas, lungs, bladder and GIT
Endoderm
The organizer of gastrulation
Hensen’s node
Forms the precurosrs to the spinal cord
Neurulation
What are the three results of neurulation
Notochord
Neural tube
Neural fold
Prospective vertebral column
Notochord
Somite organizer
Neural tube
Prospective head
Neural Fold
Form in pairs and is symmetrical
Somitogenesis
Formation of muscular tissue in embryonic development
Myogenesis
Muscle precursor cells that originate in the myotome of somites
Myoblasts
True or False: Some myoblasts migrate to limbs/abdominal area, while other are non-migrating
True
What are the 6 steps of Myogenesis
- Commitment/Determination
- Migration (if needed)
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
- Fusion
- Maturation and Hypertrophy
Where the bulk of muscle comes from
Secondary Myotube
Can be manipulated by maternal nutrition
Secondary Myotube
Cannot be manipulated, is genetics
Primary Myotube
Growth through an increase in number of cells
Hyperplasia
Muscle growth prenatal
Hyperplasia
Growth through increase in size of cells
Hypertrophy
Muscle only way of growth postnatal
Hypertrophy
Muscle is approximately how much protein
18-20%
Does more protein equal to larger muscles
Yes
Are the source of replicating cells to add new DNA to increase protein sythesis
Satellite cells
True or False: Mother will sacrifice her own tissues to partition nutrients since fetus are the number one priority
True
What creates permanent changes in the fetus which will affect it for the rest of its life
Prenatal Environment
Mid-gestation nutrient restriction affect what
secondary muscle fiber development
Why is increase nutrients important in fetal programming
increase secondary fibers which leads to increase muscle postnatally
The process of growth and maturation that occurs after birth
Postnatal Development
15-20% of total growth; slow growth of all tissue
Phase 1
What is the tissue growth order in phase I
organs
bones
muscles
75% of total growth (the greatest); organs reach mature size; bone growth completed; muscle growth maximal; fat accumulates slowly
Phase 2
80% - 90% of growth attained; 80 to 90% of muscle deposited (near the end); rapid accumulation of fat being put on
Phase 3
90-95% of addition growth is FAT, 5-10% is gain of muscle
Phase 4
True or False: muscle, fat and bone have different growth rates
True
Bones are the ________ to develop but mature _________
fastest and faster
Muscle is _________ growth and levels ____
rapid and off
Fat will __________ growing and eventually pass ____________
keep and muscles
What is the goals of livestock and meat industry
Maximum muscle and minimum fat
What are the 4 positive attributes of fat
- component of all cell
- vital role in metabolism
- prevent carcass dehydration and discoloration
- marbling and eating quality
What is the 4 function of Adipose tissue
- Energy Storage
- Provides cushion and protection of internal organs
- Regulatiing metabolism
- Insulation/heat production
Hyperplasia in adipose tissue
increase in number of adipose
Hypertrophy in adipose tissue
increase in size of adipose
What are the 4 depots of adipose tissue
Internal fat
Subcutaneous fat
Intermuscular fat
Intramuscular fat
Internal Fat
- Also referred to as _______ fat
- Located ________ organs
- Acts as __________ and ________ for organs
- In beef in: _________, _________ and _________ fat
Visceral
Around
Cushion and Insulation
Kidney, Pelvic and Heart
First depot to start filling
Internal Fat
Subcutaneous Fat
- Also called _________ fat
- Located __________ the skin
Back
Under
Highly correlated with yield of retail cuts
Subcutaneous fat
Fills after visceral fat
Subcutaneous fat
Intermuscular fat
- Also called _________ fat
- Located ___________ muscle group
- ___________ easily measure or estimated
Seam
Between
Not easily
Difficult to trim which factors in pricing of primal, subprimal, and retail cuts
Intermuscular fat
Fills about the same time as back fat
Intermuscular fat
Intramuscular fat
- Known as ________
- Located between muscle _________
- Flank __________ in _________
- _____________ in pork
- Marbling
- Bundles
- Streaking in Lambs
- Feathering
Important for quality grades in beef
Intramuscular
Last depot to fill
Intramuscular
No depot is ever ____________. Any excess fat is going to be __________
Full
Transfer
Composition fo Adipose Tissue
- 76% - 94% of ___________
- 1 - 4% of ____________
- 5 - 20% of ___________
Adipose
Protein
Water
Composition of Muscle
- 75% of ___________
- 3% of _____________
- 20% of _____________
- 1% of _____________
Water
Lipid
Protein
Ash
Difference in stage of maturity among animals of the same species an chronological age
Physiological age
_________ maturing animals finish at heavier weight than _________ maturing animals
Late
Early
Early Maturing
- __________- Breed Types
- _________ mature height
- _________ fat at heavier weights
- __________ muscle
Maternal
Smaller
High
Less
Late Maturing
- __________ breed Types
- ________ mature height
- __________ fat at heavier weights
- ____________ muscle
Terminal Breed
Tall
Less
More
In beef, lamb, and pork which is the most efficient in terms of growth
Intact males
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of muscles in beef.
- Bull
- Steer
- Heifer
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of marbling in beef.
- Heifer
- Steer
- Bull
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of muscles in lamb.
- Ram
- Wether
- Ewe
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of marbling in lamb.
- Ewe
- Wether
- Ram
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of muscles in pork.
- Boar
- Gilt
- Barrow
Rank the most efficient growth to least efficient in terms of marbling in pork.
- Barrow
- Gilt
- Boar
Offensive odor/taste. that is present while cooking/ eating product that contains boar meat or fat
Boat taint
What is the two hormones that causes boar taint
Androstene and Skatole
What are the three major dietary factors
Energy content
Protein content
Protein quality
What determines protein quality
Balance essential amino acids
_________ or ________ can limit growth
Energy and Protein
Know the Partition of Energy Diagram
Slide 54
What percent of energy is needed for maintenance
50 to 60%
Where is the remaining energy going to become?
productive purposes
Why is extra energy bad
it becomes fat which affect growth
What is the major muscle component which stimulates the muscle tissue
Protein
Lean, fast, growing animals have _________ protein req than fatter, slower growing
Higher
Later maturing animal have low or high protein req
high
Young growing animals have high or low protein req than finishing phase
high
A phenomenon observed when animals are given free access to feed following a period of restricted feeding that results in increased growth rates
Compensatory growth
Which if the first to give up nutrients to the organs. exception would be the placenta/fetus
Fat
