Factors Impacting Beef Yield and Quality and Pork Carcass Flashcards
What does EPD stand for in regards to genetic selection?
Expected Progeny Differences
What is a high energy diet
Grains
What are the three volatile fatty acids
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
Which volatile fatty acids is the highest and is a glucogenic precursor
Propionate
what is a glucogenic precursor and its use
Glucogenic precursor creates glucose, and glucose is needed to make fat (lipogenesis)
3 ways to improve Yield Grade in beef
Fetal programming
Genetic Selection
Growth Promotants
Increase maternal nutritions leads to what?
increase in secondary muscle fibers prenatally
What happens if there is more secondary muscles fibers
More opportunity for hypertrophy postnatally
What are the two factors in Genetic Selection
EPDs
Breed Differenence
Compounds that lead to a response resulting in more efficient and higher performing food animals
Growth Promotants
What are the 3 categories of Growth Promotants
Steroid Implants
β-adrenergic agonists
Ionophores
What is the percent of feedlots using growth implants
70-80% of all feedlots
What does growth implant improve
Average Daily gain
Feed efficiency
How much Average Daily Gain is improved when using growth implants
5-15%
How much is feed efficiency improved
5-10%
What is the rule of thumb for Growth Impalnts
$10 return for every $1 invested
How is growth implants implanted in cows
1/3 of ear on the backside beneath skin
Growth Implants is primarily what hormones
Estrogenic
Androgenic
The amount of estrogen in 1 lb. of implanted beef is negligible compared to the amount of estrogen produced by humans every day.
True
How much estrogen residue is found in 1 lb of implanted beef and 1 lb of non-implanted
11 ng
8 ng
Growth promotants (Repartitioning agents) works by shifting nutrients from fat deposition to lean tissue deposition?
Beta agonists
Why is Beta agonist useful
Reduces the amount of yield grade 4 and 5 cattle
What is the downside of Beta Agonist
Affect Quality grade since less fat will be put on
When should Beta agonist be used?
28 days in finishing period
Antibiotics added to feed
Ionophores
Purpose of Ionophores
Increased efficiency and gain
Decrease of bloat, acidosis
the rumen of the calf causes pH to be to low causes poor nutrient absorption
acidosis
How does Ionophores work?
Shifts rumen fermentation patterns to increase propionate (increase fat production) thus more marbling
What are the two culprits of acidosis and bloat
Gram + bacteria
What is the typical dose for ionophores
200 mg/hd/day
What are the 4 carcass evaluation for pigs
Trimness
Muscling
Quality Factors
Carcass Weight
What are the three ideal pork carcass we consider
Trimness (low)
Muscling (high)
Carcass Weight (high)
What type of quality is the best in pork
Trimmer, heavier muscled carcasses are best
Trimness in pork
The Backfat - 10th and last rib
Loin eye area at the 10th rib
Muscling
What visual shapes of the pork do we look at for muscling
Ham
Loin
Shoulder
Do you want a heavier or lighter muscled carcasses in pork
Heavier muscled
What are the 5 primal cuts in pigs
Ham
Loin
Belly
Picnic
Boston Butt
What are the 4 lean cuts in pork
Loin
Picnic
Boston Butt
Ham
Trimmness
BF
Muscling
LEA
Carcass Weight
HCW
Trimmer, heavier muscled carcasses are best. Fatter carcasses are not preferred.
True
If carcasses are close on trimness, rank them on what
muscle
In pork, does marbling make the pork carcass better?
Not as important when choosing ideal carcass
What are the 3 quality factors in pork
Color
Marbling
Firmness
What is the Ideal Pork Quality
Red
Firm
Normal
What are defects in Pork Quality
Pale, Soft, Exudative
Dark, Firm, Dry
Dark colored loin eyes not desirable to consumers
Dry and firm to the touch
Still safe to consume (discounted price)
DFD
Poor Water Retention
Less Desirable
Greater Concern in the industry
PSE
What causes PSE
Low Muscle pH which builds up lactic acid, thus unable to hold on to water
