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NSB236 > Week 2: Cancer Care > Flashcards

Week 2: Cancer Care Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

It is a single cell transformation that does not conform to the regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation and continues to grow

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2
Q

What percentage of diseases does cancer account for in Australia?

A

18%

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3
Q

How do cancer cells grow?

A

Uncontrollably and invade other tissues

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4
Q

Do cancer cells die?

A

No, they are immortal

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5
Q

What does carcinogenesis mean?

A

It is the process that normal cells turn into cancer cells

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6
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

A substance that causes cancer or increases the risk of cancer developing

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7
Q

What are some carcinogenetic factors?

A

Hereditary, hormones, environmental agents, chemical exposure, smoking, alcohol, geography, radiation, older age and bacteria and parasites

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8
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Prevents cancer from developing

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9
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Detecting and treating cancer early

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10
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

It focuses on softening the impact on ongoing illness or injury

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11
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Tumours of skin and mucous membrane

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12
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Tumours of connective tissue or bone

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13
Q

What is Haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cell components

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14
Q

Where is most blood formed?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Cancer of the plasma cells

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16
Q

What tests are used to diagnose cancer?

A

Blood tests, urine collection, biopsy, excision, bone marrow biopsy, PET, CT, MRI, bone scan, mammography

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17
Q

What are 3 goals for cancer treatment?

A

Cure, control and palliate

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18
Q

What are some nursing considerations in cancer care?

A

risk of infections, AKI, cardiotoxicity

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19
Q

Do normal cells reproduce?

A

Yes in an organised and orderly manner

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20
Q

How do cancer cells reproduce?

A

Ability to grow uncrontrollably

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21
Q

Can cancer cells invade other tissue?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What state do cancer cells remain in?

A

Undifferentiated

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23
Q

What are the two types of cancer treatment filters?

A

Oncology and haematology

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24
Q

What is the difference between oncology and haematology?

A

Oncology is cancer of the tissue/cells and haematology is blood

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25
Q

What is T. N. M in oncology?

A

It is the way cancer is classificided

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26
Q

What does T stand for in cancer classification?

A

Primary tumour

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27
Q

What does N stand for in cancer classification?

A

Regional lymph nodes

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28
Q

What does M stand for in cancer classification?

A

Distant metastases

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29
Q

What are metastases?

A

The spread of cancer

30
Q

Where is most of the blood formed?

A

Bone marrow

31
Q

What does haematopoiesis mean?

A

It is the term for blood cell production

32
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Either non or Hodgkins lymphoma

33
Q

What are the two types of leukemia?

A

Acute or chronic

34
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Acute or chronic

35
Q

What are some options for cancer treatment?

A

Surgery, radiotherapy, systemic therapy, haematopoetic stem cell transplantation and a combination of therapies

36
Q

What are the factors that influence treatment?

A

The actual tumour, the treatment options and the patients wishes

37
Q

What is radiation therapy?

A

It is radiation used to hit the cancer cell DNA and breaks it down to kill and shrink tumours

38
Q

What are the side effects of radiation?

A

Site-specific toxicities, burns, pain, malnutrition, stenosis

39
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

It is anti-cancer drugs

40
Q

What cells does chemotherapy effect?

A

It affects the cells that are rapidly growing

41
Q

Is chemotherapy cytotoxic?

A

Yes

42
Q

What is TLS?

A

tumour lysis syndrome

43
Q

What are some nursing considerations for someone having chemotherapy? (Clue what can go wrong)

A

TLS, bone marrow failure, risk of infection, AKI, cardiotoxicity, haemorrhagic cystitis, hepatotoxicity, mucositis and CNS toxicities

44
Q

What is haemorrhagic cystitis?

A

Bladder irritation

45
Q

What is mucositis?

A

Inflammation of the gi tract

46
Q

What is cytotoxic waste management?

A

It is the safe handling of cytotoxic waste and medication

47
Q

What are targeted therapies in cancer care?

A

It is targeting the specific cells that are telling the cancer cells to grow so the medication only targets those bad cells

48
Q

What are immunotherapies?

A

Drugs that manipulate the immune system to kill cancer cells

49
Q

What is stem cell transplantation?

A

When we give the patient’s own improved stem cells given back to the patient

50
Q

What are some access devices for systemic treatments?

A

PICC, POC, IVP and Hickmans

51
Q

Where do central lines go into?

A

peripheral veins near heart

52
Q

Where is PICC inserted?

A

Arm

53
Q

Where is portacatheter inserted?

A

Chest

54
Q

What does it mean if a word ends in penia?

A

decreased

55
Q

What is neutropenic sepsis?

A

Someone with a high temperature and an extremely low neutrophil count and they have an infection

56
Q

What is tumour lysis syndrome?

A

It is when the patient has a high dose of chemotherapy cells bust and the contents goes into the bloodstream which is shown in blood tests

57
Q

What is tumour lysis syndrome?

A

It is when the patient has a high dose of chemotherapy cells bust and the contents go into the bloodstream which is shown in blood tests

58
Q

Where in the cell does cancer begin to form?

A

Nucleus

59
Q

What are some clinical signs of ALL in children?

A

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropoenia

60
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduced number of platelets

61
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Reduced number of white blood cells

62
Q

What is ALL?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

63
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of ALL in children?

A

Tired, bruising, low oxygenation, anemia, pale, bleeding, fuzzy head, high heart rate, blood in urine, an dpain

64
Q

What are some investigations for ALL in children?

A

Chest x-ray, blood chemistry, liver function tests, cerebrospinal fluid and coagulation profile

65
Q

What is Pancytopenia?

A

Reduction in white and red blood cells and platelets

66
Q

What is gout?

A

crystalised uric acid

67
Q

What are some treatment side effects?

A

Tired, stress, anxiety, pain, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, hair loss, anaemia, infections, sore arms

68
Q

What are some interventions for high temp?

A

Antibiotics, head hygiene, sitting upright,

69
Q

What are interventions for nausea?

A

Antiemetic

70
Q

What are interventions for bleeding?

A

Stop bleeding with pressure, platelet medication, give blood products, vitamin K

NSB236 (5 decks)

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