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NSB236 > Week 1 Trauma Care > Flashcards

Week 1 Trauma Care Flashcards

1
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

It is a cell that removes bone

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2
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

It is a cell that develops bone

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3
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

It is a cell within the developed bone

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4
Q

What does ICP stand for?

A

Increased intracranial pressure

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5
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

Bruises

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6
Q

What is RICE?

A

Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation

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7
Q

What are the three main components of the skull?

A

Brain tissue, blood and cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

What is the primary injury in ICP?

A

It is injury which happens at the time of the accident

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9
Q

What is a secondary injury in ICP?

A

It is the resulting hypoxia, ischaemia, hypotension, oedema or increased ICP that results in injury to three main components

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10
Q

What is intracranial pressure ?

A

It is the hydrostatic force measured in the brain CSF compartment

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11
Q

What is the Monro-Kellie doctrine?

A

It is the principle that states that a change in blood, brain or CSF volume results in reciprocal changes in one or both of the other two components.

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12
Q

Does the Monro-Kellie doctrine apply to people with open skulls?

A

Nope

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13
Q

What are the three types of cerebral oedema?

A

Vasogenic, cytotoxic, and interstitial

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14
Q

What are some signs of increased ICP?

A

LOC, change in vital signs, ocular signs such as large pupil, decrease in motor function, headache, and vomiting

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15
Q

What are some diagnostic studies for ICP?

A

Health Hx, physical exam, vital signs, neurological assessment, ICP measurements, X-rays, ECG, Laboratory studies

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16
Q

How high should the bed be raised for suspected ICP?

A

30 degrees

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17
Q

What is some medication management of ICP?

A

Osmotic fluids, hypertonic saline, corticosteroids,

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18
Q

What are some types of head injuries?

A

Scalp lacerations, skull fractures,

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19
Q

What is a craniotomy?

A

Removal of bone flap

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20
Q

What is a brain abscess?

A

Accumulation of pus within the brain tissue

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21
Q

What is meningitis?

A

It is acute inflammation of the meningeal tissue surrounding the brain and the spinal cord

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22
Q

What are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome?

A

Paraesthesia (numbness and tingling).
Pain distal to the injury that is not relieved by opioid analgesics and pain on passive stretch of muscle travelling through the compartment.
Pressure increases in the compartment.
Pallor, coolness and loss of normal colour of the extremity.
Paralysis or loss of function.
Pulselessness or diminished/absent peripheral pulses.

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23
Q

What are the complications of post-traumatic injury?

A

Shock, multiple organ dysfunction, critical bleeding, hypermetabolism, hyperglycaemia, compartment syndrome, malnutrition, infection, delayed wound healing, pain, anxiety, delirium, sleep disturbances, PTSD,

24
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

It is increased pressure in a certain compartment

25
Q

Who is at a higher risk of trauma?

A

Children, people over the age of 55, and Men

26
Q

What are the different types of trauma?

A

Non-penetrating, penetrating (low and high velocity), Thermal, other (electrical and poisoning)

27
Q

What is the thorax?

A

The main bit of the body like chest to belly

28
Q

What are some common causes of thoracic injuries?

A

Seatbelt injury, crush injury and penetrating injury

29
Q

What are the areas of concern for anatomical damage?

A

Heart, lungs, great vessels and airways

30
Q

How to assess thoracic injuries?

A

Inspection, auscultations, percussion, palpation, X-ray, ultrasound, ct, MRI

31
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computed tomography

32
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

33
Q

Whare are some common thoracic injuries?

A

pneumo/haemothorax, tension pneumothorax, rib factures including flail chest, sternal fracture, spinal injury, myocardial/pericardial injury, ruptured aorta, oesophageal injury, tracheal injury and ruptured diaphragm

34
Q

What is a pneumo/haemothorax?

A

It is air or blood in the plural space

35
Q

What is the plural space?

A

the part that sits between the lung and rib

36
Q

What are some consequences of pneumo/haemothorax?

A

The lung can no longer expand to breath properly

37
Q

What is a treatment for pneumo/haemothorax?

A

intercostal catheter and underwater sealed drain

38
Q

What does sbd stand for in terms of intercostal catheters and underwater sealed drainages?

A

Swinging, bubbling and drainage

39
Q

Whare are some possible intra abdomincal trauma?

A

Sepsis, damage to the great vessels (abdominal aorta and femoral vessels, retroperitoneal haematoma, pelvic fractures, renal, spleen and liver injury

40
Q

What are some assessments for abdominal injuries?

A

Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation, x-ray, ultra fast scan, CT and MRI

41
Q

What is an ultra Fast scan?

A

It is a rapid, non-invasive sonograph to detect intra-abdominal or pericardial-free fluid

42
Q

What is a flail chest?

A

Where the rib is broken in 2 places and the rib is failing around

43
Q

What is stage 1 in bone healing?

A

Haematoma forms

44
Q

What is stage 2 in bone healing?

A

Granulation

45
Q

What is stage 3 in bone healing?

A

Callus formation

46
Q

What is stage 4 in bone healing?

A

Ossification

47
Q

What is stage 5 in bone healing?

A

Remodelling

48
Q

What are Cushing triad symptoms?

A

Hypertension, bradycardia and decreased respiratory effort

49
Q

What is Cushing triad?

A

When the cerebellum is pushed out of the top of the spine

50
Q

What is a sign of a comminuted/depressed fracture?

A

Raccoon eyes

51
Q

What is a sign of a basilar fracture?

A

Battle sign which is bruising behind ear that has a high risk of CSF leak

52
Q

What is the midline shift?

A

When the brain is swelling on one side, pushing the other side

53
Q

What are some nursing strategies we can use to prevent spikes in ICP?

A

Positioning at 30 degrees, keep them warm, antiemetics, not too much fluid, quiet room, cluster care

54
Q

What is intracranial hypertension refractory?

A

It is when there is a recurrent increase of intracranial pressure above 20-22 mmHg for sustained period of time despite other therapies being given

55
Q

What is a normal ICP range for adults?

A

10-15 mm Hg

56
Q

What medication is given in hyperosmolar therapy?

A

mannitol and hypertonic saline

56
Q

What medication is given in hyperosmolar therapy?

A

mannitol and hypertonic saline

NSB236 (5 decks)

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