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Nurse 154 Nursing Fundamentals > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do nurses study normal patterns of development?

A

Because knowing normal development will allow a nurse to identify abnormalities and address their underlying cause

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2
Q

Growth refers to?

A

An increase in physical size

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3
Q

Development refers to?

A

A qualitative increase in ability or function

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4
Q

True or false

The exact age in which skills emerge is always the same

A

False.

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5
Q

How does the sequence and order of skill performance vary among children?

A

It doesn’t. The sequence is uniform.

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6
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

A

Development that occurs from the head down

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7
Q

What is Proximaodistal development?

A

Development that occurs from the mid-line out

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8
Q

What type of guidance is given to parents to assist in developmental concerns

A

Anticipatory Guidance

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9
Q

Summerize Sigmund Freud’s beliefs?

A
  • That sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at specific ages.
  • Unresolved conflict during a certain stage can lead to fixation at an older age
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10
Q

Who was one of the first developmental theorists to infer that mental disorders can result from individual history and not physical impiarment?

A

Freud

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11
Q

What are the 5 stages in Freud’s theory

A
  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
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12
Q

What is the age range for Freud’s oral stage?

A

birth to one year

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13
Q

What is the age range for Freud’s Anal stage?

A

1-3 years

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14
Q

What is the age range for Freud’s Phallic stage?

A

3-6 years

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15
Q

What is the age range for Freud’s Latency stage

A

6-12 years

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16
Q

What is the age range for Freud’s Genital stage?

A

12-adulthood

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17
Q

How could a nurse comfort a child in Freud’s Oral stage

A

A pacifier

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18
Q

Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s oral stage? give an example

A

The mouth-Pacifer

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19
Q

Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Anal stage

A

The anal area-control over bowel movements

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20
Q

Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Phallic Stage

A

the genitalia-Noticing the difference in the Sexes and attaching to one or the other

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21
Q

Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Latency stage

A

sexual energy is at rest

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22
Q

Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Genital Stage?

A

Sexuality is Matured

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23
Q

What are the four most common defense mechanisms used by children?

A
  • Regression
  • Repression
  • Rationalization
  • Fantasy
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24
Q

What is Regression?

Example?

A

-Returning to an earlier behavior

Child who has been potty trained no longer can use the potty when new child is brought into family

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25
Q

What is Repression?

Example?

A
  • Involuntary forgetting of uncomfortable situations

- Abused child cant recall episodes of abuse

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26
Q

What is Rationalization?

Example

A
  • An attempt to make unacceptable things feel acceptable

- Hitting another child because they took his toy

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27
Q

What is Fantasy

example?

A
  • Creation of the mind to deal with unacceptable fear

- Hospitalized child pretends to be superman

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28
Q

Explain Erickson’s theory of psycho-social Development

A

For each stage of life there is a crisis that is a challenge for healthy personality development to occur.

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29
Q

What is the significance of a crisis in erickson’s theory?

A

It is a normal maturational social need that is either met or not met

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30
Q

What is the Crisis for an infant in Erickson’s model?

What social need, needs to be met to be successful?

A

Trust vs Mistrust

-Trust needs to be established by having needs met

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31
Q

What is the Crisis for an toddler in Erickson’s model?

What social need, needs to be met to be successful?

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

-Children establish Autonomy by controlling body functions (Freud Anal Stage)

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32
Q

What is the Crisis for an preschool aged child in Erickson’s model?
What social need, needs to be met to be successful?

A

Initiative vs guilt

-Child wants to explore and will fail this stage if met with criticism

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33
Q

What is the Crisis for an School aged child in Erickson’s model?
What social need, needs to be met to be successful?

A

Industry VS inferiority

-New to be allowed to explore new interests and have acomplishments

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34
Q

What is the Crisis for an adolescent in Erickson’s model?

What social need, needs to be met to be successful?

A

Identity vs role confusion

-Self is redefined and reevaluated

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35
Q

Piaget’s theory was one of _____ development

A

Cognitive

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36
Q

Who were piaget’s first subjects?

A

His own children

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37
Q

What is the main belief in Piaget’s theory?

A

That when given a nurturing experience a childs ability to think matures naturally

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38
Q

What is assimilation?

A

When one take in new information and experiences and incorporates them into existing ideas

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39
Q

What is cognitive accommodation?

A

When old ideas are changed or replaced based upon new information

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40
Q

What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

Infants learn by input obtained through senses and by motor activity

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41
Q

In an infant, birth weight doubles by age ___ and triples by age ___

A
  • 5 months

- One year

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42
Q

What time is it normal for teeth to erupt in an infant?

A

at 6 months

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43
Q

What is the main factor in physical growth of an infant?

A

Type and quality of feeding

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44
Q

At what age in infancy does the liver and kidney mature enough to more readily excrete drugs?

A

One year old

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45
Q

describe language development in an infant

A

By one year of age fundamental words should be learned and some even used

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46
Q

How does the brain develop during infancy?

A

The number of brain cells doesn’t change much but the cells themselves begin to mature

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47
Q

What should verbal communication be like in a 2 month old?

A

Cries and coo’s

48
Q

What is normal motor development for a 6mo infant?

A

around 6 months is when first firm purposeful grasping of objects should occur

49
Q

What is normal motor development for a 1 year old?

A

Should be reaching for toys and feeding themselves

50
Q

What type of play does an infant participate in?

A

Solitary play that slowly becomes more purposeful

51
Q

What phase of play comes after solitary?

A

manipulative play

52
Q

How does movment develop over infancy?

A

by one year infants should be able to move toward objects and reach for objects

53
Q

What is the Moro Reflex and when is it present in infants?

A

It is a reflex shown from birth to 4 months

  • It is triggered when the infant feels as if they are going to fall
  • Arms spread out with palms up
  • Startled look
  • Knees flexed
54
Q

What does the absence of the Moro reflex potentially indicate?

A

A problem with the CNS

55
Q

What is growth rate like in a toddler?

A

Growth rate and food intake slow by the second year of life

56
Q

What is a common concern among parents of a toddle in regard to eating habits?

A

a Toddlers growth slows down compared to infancy and as a result toddlers require less food.
Parents may become concerned that something is wrong with the child and need to be reassured that this is normal

57
Q

What is a toddlers weight compared to that of an infant?

A

By age 2 birth weight has usually quadrupled

58
Q

How do physical characteristics change as a toddler grows?

A
  • Legs become longer
  • Head becomes proportionally smaller
  • 33 erupted teeth by 33 months 20 full teeth present
59
Q

How does gross motor activity change in a toddler?

A

It begins to grow rapidly

60
Q

What characteristic of toddler-hood development is observed as part of Freud’s anal stage of Psycosexual development?

A

The ability to control elimination and body functions

61
Q

How does language learning contribute to the cognitive development of toddlers?

A
  • Use of language allows toddlers to think about objects or people when they are absent
  • Increasing use of words and symbols allow for rudimentary problem solving.
62
Q

What type of play do toddlers generally participate in?

A

Parallel play

63
Q

What is Parallel play?

A

When two toddlers play side by side will intermittent casual interactions but generally keep to themselves

64
Q

Generally, how to toddlers interact with other toddlers?

A

They take pleasure in the company but don’t participate in a lot of socially interactive play

65
Q

As toddler age what happens to gross and fine motor abilities?

A

They become enhanced allowing for finer movments and improved balance and play

66
Q

What is the average number of words spoken by a 1 year old?

How many words are understood?

A

4-6

many more understood

67
Q

What is the average number of words spoken by a 3 year old?

How is speech developed at that point?

A

Less than 1000

-Capable of using short sentences

68
Q

How can a family aide in language development?

A
  • Speak often
  • read to the child
  • name objects that the child interacts with or is around
  • Verbalize the feelings and emotions the child is expressing “are you mad?” “You look so happy!” “I see you are scared, that is ok”
69
Q

Where do most preschool aged children learn social interactions?

A

Daycare, preschool, siblings

70
Q

How is speech developed in a well developed preschool aged child?

A

They should be able to understand and speak clearly

71
Q

Where does most growth occur in preschool aged children?

A

The long bones

72
Q

How developed should writing skills be as a child enters preschool age?

A

They should be able to write several letters of the Alphabet usually their name
-Should also be able to draw

73
Q

What is the biggest milestone in cognitive intellectual development of a preschool aged child
What does this milestone allow the child to do?

A

The ability to use words and symbols to represent objects or people.
-Allows the child to think about them

74
Q

How should physical development look in a preschool aged child?

A

The ability to run freely and grip/throw assorted balls and objects

75
Q

What is The major landmark in Psychosocial Development in a preschool aged child?

A

They begin to fully interact with others during play

This is called associative play

76
Q

What is Associative play

A

When a child begins to play directly with other children instead of just in proximity to the children

77
Q

What is the normal vocabulary for a preschool aged child?

-How well is speech developed at this point

A

over 2k words

-Speaks in complete sentences

78
Q

What type of reasoning is used by preschool aged children?

A

Transductive reasoning

79
Q

What is transductive reasoning?

A

Reasoning based on connecting two events in a cause-and-effect relationship simply because the occur together

80
Q

How do preschool aged children see the world?

What is this called?

A

They see things only from their own point of view

-this is called and egocentric view

81
Q

What type of play to School aged children participate in?

A

Cooperative play. is more based on purposeful activities with peers such as Music, sports, scouts

82
Q

Why is it important for school aged to participate in organized actives?
-What developmental theory does this tie into?

A

It gives them a sense of purpose and achievement which helps to build self esteem.
-Ties into Erickson’s Psychosocial Development Industry Vs Inferiority

83
Q

According to Erickson’s Model, how might the development of a school aged child be effected if the child does not participate in Activities?

A

They would fail to develop good self-esteem due to feeling inferior to those who have achievements through said activities

84
Q

What physical changes happen in school aged children?

A
  • Fat gives way to muscle
  • Growth Spurts begin near end of School aged years
  • Body systems and organs begin to mature
  • Loss of deciduous teeth
  • Last time boys and girls look similar in body proportions
85
Q

With normal cognitive development, what type of thought does a school aged child Use?

A

Operational thought

86
Q

What is operational thought?

A

Thought that enables the child to consider alternative solutions and solve problems

87
Q

What is the concept of conservation of matter? What age is it learned

A

Matter is not changed when its form is altered

-Learned as a school aged child

88
Q

What type of information about sex should be given to school aged children?

A

Factual direct information.

No more code names for body parts or functions

89
Q

In Erickson’s model, What is the Crisis that an adolescent faces? What are the implications of not being successful in this stage?

A

Identity vs role confusion

-If not successful, Self identity will be confused and adolescent will develop confusion about self.

90
Q

What are the characteristics of Physical growth in adolescent girls?

A
  • Growth spurt
  • Increased Breast size
  • Pubic hair
  • Menstruation occurs and signals end of puberty
91
Q

What are the characteristics of Physical growth in adolescent boys?

A
  • Growth spurt
  • Increased size of penis and testis
  • Pubic and body hair
  • Deepening of voice
  • Facial hair
92
Q

What type of reasoning is developed during adolescence?

A

Abstract reasoning.

93
Q

What is abstract reasoning?

A

The ability to understand concepts such as justice, truth, and beauty

94
Q

What aspect of cognitive development contributes to parental rebellion and experimentation?

A

The developed ability to think and act independently combined with the need to redefine self can cause rebellion against authority and social norms

95
Q

What important action should the nurse take during the health exam of an adolescent?

A

An opportunity for the child to speak privately with the provider should be given.
However, If the parent refuses than that must be honored.

96
Q

How long after birth should the infant have their first healthcare visit?

A

For infants discharged after 48-72 hours, The first healthcare visit should be at 5 days of age

97
Q

How can nurses help facilitate the transfer into parenthood during the 1 month visit?

A
  • Assist in breastfeeding
  • Explain temperament
  • Promote Good health and sleeping habits for infant
  • Teach about immunizations and Car seats
98
Q

What is the purpose of the first healthcare visit for an infant?

A

Ensure infant is progressing normally

-catch anything missed at hospital

99
Q

When should parents be encouraged to choose a provider for their newborn?

A

Before birth so that they may find a provider they are confortable with

100
Q

After the initial healthcare visit what is the visit schedule like for a healthy infant?

A

1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months

101
Q

What are important questions to ask during the first visit of the infant?

A
  • How is the baby

- How are you adjusting?

102
Q

What are things the nurse needs to look out for from the parents during the first visits of an infant?

A
  • Signs of distress an depression
  • Good signs of bonding
  • Insurance of positive parenting
103
Q

What is needed for infants to develop fine and gross motor movement?

A

A stimulating environment

104
Q

What can pregnant women do to help insure proper tooth development for the infant during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

A

Insure proper intake of calcium

105
Q

When in the first oral exam recommended?

A

at around 6-12 months

106
Q

What are some signs that the RN can look for to assess proper bonding

A
  • Eye contact
  • Parent holding newborn securely
  • Does the infant cuddle the parent?
107
Q

Why is newborn-parent bonding important?

A

Disturbed relationships with caregivers can result in decreased food intake and can influence psychological state

108
Q

At what age is stranger anxiety and separation anxiety common?

A

after about 6 months

109
Q

Why is observing family dynamics important during visits with nurse?

A

Because certain factors can lead to negative development in the child and need to be identified and addressed

110
Q

What are important topics for the nurse to discuss with parents in regard to disease prevention for newborns?

A
  • Consider genetic testing if at high risk
  • Discuss immunizations
  • Hand hygiene lessons
  • SIDS prevention
  • Breastfeeding and Formula safety
111
Q

Other than disease prevention. What other safety factors need to be discussed?

A

Injury prevention strategies

112
Q

What oral care should be preformed on an infant even before the eruption of teeth?

A

The parent should wipe the infants gums twice a day

-Consider fluoride drops if water is not fluoridated

113
Q

What number should be called if abuse or neglect is suspected?

A

1866ENDHARM

114
Q

Formula needs to be _____ after it is mixed?

A

Refrigerated

115
Q

What is the best SIDS prevention tip?

A

Have the infant sleep on their back

116
Q

In regard to safety rules, what is a good rule of thumb?

A

Have a few strong rules vs many rules that the child could never remember

Nurse 154 Nursing Fundamentals (10 decks)

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