Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Why do nurses study normal patterns of development?
A
Because knowing normal development will allow a nurse to identify abnormalities and address their underlying cause
2
Q
Growth refers to?
A
An increase in physical size
3
Q
Development refers to?
A
A qualitative increase in ability or function
4
Q
True or false
The exact age in which skills emerge is always the same
A
False.
5
Q
How does the sequence and order of skill performance vary among children?
A
It doesn’t. The sequence is uniform.
6
Q
What is cephalocaudal development?
A
Development that occurs from the head down
7
Q
What is Proximaodistal development?
A
Development that occurs from the mid-line out
8
Q
What type of guidance is given to parents to assist in developmental concerns
A
Anticipatory Guidance
9
Q
Summerize Sigmund Freud’s beliefs?
A
- That sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at specific ages.
- Unresolved conflict during a certain stage can lead to fixation at an older age
10
Q
Who was one of the first developmental theorists to infer that mental disorders can result from individual history and not physical impiarment?
A
Freud
11
Q
What are the 5 stages in Freud’s theory
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
12
Q
What is the age range for Freud’s oral stage?
A
birth to one year
13
Q
What is the age range for Freud’s Anal stage?
A
1-3 years
14
Q
What is the age range for Freud’s Phallic stage?
A
3-6 years
15
Q
What is the age range for Freud’s Latency stage
A
6-12 years
16
Q
What is the age range for Freud’s Genital stage?
A
12-adulthood
17
Q
How could a nurse comfort a child in Freud’s Oral stage
A
A pacifier
18
Q
Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s oral stage? give an example
A
The mouth-Pacifer
19
Q
Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Anal stage
A
The anal area-control over bowel movements
20
Q
Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Phallic Stage
A
the genitalia-Noticing the difference in the Sexes and attaching to one or the other
21
Q
Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Latency stage
A
sexual energy is at rest
22
Q
Where is pleasure derived during Freud’s Genital Stage?
A
Sexuality is Matured
23
Q
What are the four most common defense mechanisms used by children?
A
- Regression
- Repression
- Rationalization
- Fantasy
24
Q
What is Regression?
Example?
A
-Returning to an earlier behavior
Child who has been potty trained no longer can use the potty when new child is brought into family
25
What is Repression?
| Example?
- Involuntary forgetting of uncomfortable situations
| - Abused child cant recall episodes of abuse
26
What is Rationalization?
| Example
- An attempt to make unacceptable things feel acceptable
| - Hitting another child because they took his toy
27
What is Fantasy
| example?
- Creation of the mind to deal with unacceptable fear
| - Hospitalized child pretends to be superman
28
Explain Erickson's theory of psycho-social Development
For each stage of life there is a crisis that is a challenge for healthy personality development to occur.
29
What is the significance of a crisis in erickson's theory?
It is a normal maturational social need that is either met or not met
30
What is the Crisis for an infant in Erickson's model?
| What social need, needs to be met to be successful?
Trust vs Mistrust
| -Trust needs to be established by having needs met
31
What is the Crisis for an toddler in Erickson's model?
| What social need, needs to be met to be successful?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
| -Children establish Autonomy by controlling body functions (Freud Anal Stage)
32
What is the Crisis for an preschool aged child in Erickson's model?
What social need, needs to be met to be successful?
Initiative vs guilt
| -Child wants to explore and will fail this stage if met with criticism
33
What is the Crisis for an School aged child in Erickson's model?
What social need, needs to be met to be successful?
Industry VS inferiority
| -New to be allowed to explore new interests and have acomplishments
34
What is the Crisis for an adolescent in Erickson's model?
| What social need, needs to be met to be successful?
Identity vs role confusion
| -Self is redefined and reevaluated
35
Piaget's theory was one of _____ development
Cognitive
36
Who were piaget's first subjects?
His own children
37
What is the main belief in Piaget's theory?
That when given a nurturing experience a childs ability to think matures naturally
38
What is assimilation?
When one take in new information and experiences and incorporates them into existing ideas
39
What is cognitive accommodation?
When old ideas are changed or replaced based upon new information
40
What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Infants learn by input obtained through senses and by motor activity
41
In an infant, birth weight doubles by age ___ and triples by age ___
- 5 months
| - One year
42
What time is it normal for teeth to erupt in an infant?
at 6 months
43
What is the main factor in physical growth of an infant?
Type and quality of feeding
44
At what age in infancy does the liver and kidney mature enough to more readily excrete drugs?
One year old
45
describe language development in an infant
By one year of age fundamental words should be learned and some even used
46
How does the brain develop during infancy?
The number of brain cells doesn't change much but the cells themselves begin to mature
47
What should verbal communication be like in a 2 month old?
Cries and coo's
48
What is normal motor development for a 6mo infant?
around 6 months is when first firm purposeful grasping of objects should occur
49
What is normal motor development for a 1 year old?
Should be reaching for toys and feeding themselves
50
What type of play does an infant participate in?
Solitary play that slowly becomes more purposeful
51
What phase of play comes after solitary?
manipulative play
52
How does movment develop over infancy?
by one year infants should be able to move toward objects and reach for objects
53
What is the Moro Reflex and when is it present in infants?
It is a reflex shown from birth to 4 months
- It is triggered when the infant feels as if they are going to fall
- Arms spread out with palms up
- Startled look
- Knees flexed
54
What does the absence of the Moro reflex potentially indicate?
A problem with the CNS
55
What is growth rate like in a toddler?
Growth rate and food intake slow by the second year of life
56
What is a common concern among parents of a toddle in regard to eating habits?
a Toddlers growth slows down compared to infancy and as a result toddlers require less food.
Parents may become concerned that something is wrong with the child and need to be reassured that this is normal
57
What is a toddlers weight compared to that of an infant?
By age 2 birth weight has usually quadrupled
58
How do physical characteristics change as a toddler grows?
- Legs become longer
- Head becomes proportionally smaller
- 33 erupted teeth by 33 months *20 full teeth present*
59
How does gross motor activity change in a toddler?
It begins to grow rapidly
60
What characteristic of toddler-hood development is observed as part of Freud's anal stage of Psycosexual development?
The ability to control elimination and body functions
61
How does language learning contribute to the cognitive development of toddlers?
- Use of language allows toddlers to think about objects or people when they are absent
- Increasing use of words and symbols allow for rudimentary problem solving.
62
What type of play do toddlers generally participate in?
Parallel play
63
What is Parallel play?
When two toddlers play side by side will intermittent casual interactions but generally keep to themselves
64
Generally, how to toddlers interact with other toddlers?
They take pleasure in the company but don't participate in a lot of socially interactive play
65
As toddler age what happens to gross and fine motor abilities?
They become enhanced allowing for finer movments and improved balance and play
66
What is the average number of words spoken by a 1 year old?
| How many words are understood?
4-6
| many more understood
67
What is the average number of words spoken by a 3 year old?
| How is speech developed at that point?
Less than 1000
| -Capable of using short sentences
68
How can a family aide in language development?
- Speak often
- read to the child
- name objects that the child interacts with or is around
- Verbalize the feelings and emotions the child is expressing "are you mad?" "You look so happy!" "I see you are scared, that is ok"
69
Where do most preschool aged children learn social interactions?
Daycare, preschool, siblings
70
How is speech developed in a well developed preschool aged child?
They should be able to understand and speak clearly
71
Where does most growth occur in preschool aged children?
The long bones
72
How developed should writing skills be as a child enters preschool age?
They should be able to write several letters of the Alphabet *usually their name*
-Should also be able to draw
73
What is the biggest milestone in cognitive intellectual development of a preschool aged child
What does this milestone allow the child to do?
The ability to use words and symbols to represent objects or people.
-Allows the child to think about them
74
How should physical development look in a preschool aged child?
The ability to run freely and grip/throw assorted balls and objects
75
What is The major landmark in Psychosocial Development in a preschool aged child?
They begin to fully interact with others during play
| This is called associative play
76
What is Associative play
When a child begins to play directly with other children instead of just in proximity to the children
77
What is the normal vocabulary for a preschool aged child?
| -How well is speech developed at this point
over 2k words
| -Speaks in complete sentences
78
What type of reasoning is used by preschool aged children?
Transductive reasoning
79
What is transductive reasoning?
Reasoning based on connecting two events in a cause-and-effect relationship simply because the occur together
80
How do preschool aged children see the world?
| What is this called?
They see things only from their own point of view
| -this is called and egocentric view
81
What type of play to School aged children participate in?
Cooperative play. is more based on purposeful activities with peers such as Music, sports, scouts
82
Why is it important for school aged to participate in organized actives?
-What developmental theory does this tie into?
It gives them a sense of purpose and achievement which helps to build self esteem.
-Ties into Erickson's Psychosocial Development Industry Vs Inferiority
83
According to Erickson's Model, how might the development of a school aged child be effected if the child does not participate in Activities?
They would fail to develop good self-esteem due to feeling inferior to those who have achievements through said activities
84
What physical changes happen in school aged children?
- Fat gives way to muscle
- Growth Spurts begin near end of School aged years
- Body systems and organs begin to mature
- Loss of deciduous teeth
- Last time boys and girls look similar in body proportions
85
With normal cognitive development, what type of thought does a school aged child Use?
Operational thought
86
What is operational thought?
Thought that enables the child to consider alternative solutions and solve problems
87
What is the concept of conservation of matter? What age is it learned
Matter is not changed when its form is altered
| -Learned as a school aged child
88
What type of information about sex should be given to school aged children?
Factual direct information.
| No more code names for body parts or functions
89
In Erickson's model, What is the Crisis that an adolescent faces? What are the implications of not being successful in this stage?
Identity vs role confusion
| -If not successful, Self identity will be confused and adolescent will develop confusion about self.
90
What are the characteristics of Physical growth in adolescent girls?
- Growth spurt
- Increased Breast size
- Pubic hair
- Menstruation occurs and signals end of puberty
91
What are the characteristics of Physical growth in adolescent boys?
- Growth spurt
- Increased size of penis and testis
- Pubic and body hair
- Deepening of voice
- Facial hair
92
What type of reasoning is developed during adolescence?
Abstract reasoning.
93
What is abstract reasoning?
The ability to understand concepts such as justice, truth, and beauty
94
What aspect of cognitive development contributes to parental rebellion and experimentation?
The developed ability to think and act independently combined with the need to redefine self can cause rebellion against authority and social norms
95
What important action should the nurse take during the health exam of an adolescent?
An opportunity for the child to speak privately with the provider should be given.
However, If the parent refuses than that must be honored.
96
How long after birth should the infant have their first healthcare visit?
For infants discharged after 48-72 hours, The first healthcare visit should be at 5 days of age
97
How can nurses help facilitate the transfer into parenthood during the 1 month visit?
- Assist in breastfeeding
- Explain temperament
- Promote Good health and sleeping habits for infant
- Teach about immunizations and Car seats
98
What is the purpose of the first healthcare visit for an infant?
Ensure infant is progressing normally
| -catch anything missed at hospital
99
When should parents be encouraged to choose a provider for their newborn?
Before birth so that they may find a provider they are confortable with
100
After the initial healthcare visit what is the visit schedule like for a healthy infant?
1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months
101
What are important questions to ask during the first visit of the infant?
- How is the baby
| - How are you adjusting?
102
What are things the nurse needs to look out for from the parents during the first visits of an infant?
- Signs of distress an depression
- Good signs of bonding
- Insurance of positive parenting
103
What is needed for infants to develop fine and gross motor movement?
A stimulating environment
104
What can pregnant women do to help insure proper tooth development for the infant during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Insure proper intake of calcium
105
When in the first oral exam recommended?
at around 6-12 months
106
What are some signs that the RN can look for to assess proper bonding
- Eye contact
- Parent holding newborn securely
- Does the infant cuddle the parent?
107
Why is newborn-parent bonding important?
Disturbed relationships with caregivers can result in decreased food intake and can influence psychological state
108
At what age is stranger anxiety and separation anxiety common?
after about 6 months
109
Why is observing family dynamics important during visits with nurse?
Because certain factors can lead to negative development in the child and need to be identified and addressed
110
What are important topics for the nurse to discuss with parents in regard to disease prevention for newborns?
- Consider genetic testing if at high risk
- Discuss immunizations
- Hand hygiene lessons
- SIDS prevention
- Breastfeeding and Formula safety
111
Other than disease prevention. What other safety factors need to be discussed?
Injury prevention strategies
112
What oral care should be preformed on an infant even before the eruption of teeth?
The parent should wipe the infants gums twice a day
| -Consider fluoride drops if water is not fluoridated
113
What number should be called if abuse or neglect is suspected?
1866ENDHARM
114
Formula needs to be _____ after it is mixed?
Refrigerated
115
What is the best SIDS prevention tip?
Have the infant sleep on their back
116
In regard to safety rules, what is a good rule of thumb?
Have a few strong rules vs many rules that the child could never remember
