Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is altered when you change nucleotides

A

the codon message leading to phenotypic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can a nucleotide change alter heritable phenotype

A

if the nucleotides are changed in reproductive cells (somatic cells dont matter for heritability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what kind of substitution happens when a codon is changed

A

replacement substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where was a replacement substitution first noted

A

in sickle cell anemia (val for glu)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are two casual ways for nucleotide changes to occur

A

replication errors, damaged sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some ways for a nucleotide to be damaged

A

chemical mutagens and radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the types of changes happening when a nucleotide changes a codon

A

transition or transversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transition

A

purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (AG or TC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transversion

A

purine for pyrimidine (ACT or GCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of nucleotide change is more common

A

transition is more common than transversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is transversion less common than transition

A

transversion is easier to detect in proofreading ebcause it causes a conformational change to the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which group has higher point mutation rates

A

sexually reproducing organisms have higher point mutation rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the number of new alleles per individual should match the ____

A

mutation rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the human mutation rate

A

1.6 per person (0.8 for sperm + 0.8 for egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

machinery of DNA replication and repair are encoded by what

A

all are gene encoded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the impacts of mutation to a species

A

mutations can be detrimental, but mutations are the source of individual variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why can slight allelic variation help a population

A

can help population overcome change in environment so they can thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

if you have a high mutation rate, what is your survival rate

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do new genes evolve

A

genes take on new functions and are evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are new genes formed

A

gene duplication and unequal crossover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does unequal crossover of genes work

A

loss of genes for one chromosome and gaining for the other chromosome (chromosomal alteration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a chromosomal alteration

A

change in the morphology of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some consequences of chromosomal alteration

A

affect gene order and organization, produces duplication and deletions, inversions, polyploidy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a chromosomal inversion

A

break occurs in the chromosome and it flips and reanneals (chromosome attachment can get mixed up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the nickname for genes that have been inverted

A

supergenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is polyploidy

A

change in number of chromosomes per set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is polyploidy most common in

A

plants not animals ( thought it can happen in animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are some animal examples of polyploidy

A

salamanders, frogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when is viability in polyploidy low

A

when polyploid is crossed with normal ploidy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a consequence of polyploidy

A

can cause reproductive isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how can you assess genetic diversity

A

direct measurement of allelic and genotype frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a direct method for measuring geneti diversity

A

gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does genetic diversity allow for

A

evolution allows a change in allelic frequency over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what percent of loci are polymorphic in a population

A

33-50%

35
Q

what percent of loci in an individual are heterozygous

A

4-15%

36
Q

is allelic variance more neutralist or selectrionist

A

neutralist

37
Q

who had a big impact on Darwin as far as natural selection

A

Thomas Malthus

38
Q

when was there interest in population dynamics

A

late 18th century, early 19th

39
Q

what did malthus hypothesize

A

populations cannot maintain exponential growth indefinitely due to insufficient resources (geometric increase)

40
Q

what are the three ideals made by Malthus

A

geometric increase, resource limitation, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms on population growth and size

41
Q

the power of population is ___ than the power of earth to produce subsistence for man

A

greater

42
Q

subsistence increases in what kind of manner

A

arithmetical

43
Q

populations are held within resource limits by what

A

death rate an birth rate

44
Q

what scientist came up with the same idea as Darwin on natural selection

A

Ernst Mayr

45
Q

what did Mayr contribute to the idea of evolution

A

multigenerational perspecitive, genetic diversity, importance of environmental interactions

46
Q

what is differential survival

A

survival based on different characteristics

47
Q

what is something darwin underestimated in his evolution theory

A

the speed at which evolution occurs

48
Q

what is intraspecific

A

within a population

49
Q

what is interspecific

A

population interacting with environment or other populations

50
Q

what is a population

A

group of individduals of the same species that interacts with one another in a given area

51
Q

what are the three important characteristics for a population

A

number of individuals, density, biomass, age distribution, growth rate, distribution, genetic makeup

52
Q

how do two populations interact with each other

A

competition, predatory prey interactions, symbiosis

53
Q

what is natality

A

all reproductive means (asexual vs sexual)

54
Q

what factors cause change in abundance

A

loss and gain

55
Q

what is exponential growth

A

continuous population growth in an unlimited environment (assumes a perfect or unlimited environment)

56
Q

what is the equation for exponential growth

A

dN/dt=rmaxN

57
Q

how do you calculate the size of an exponentially growing population at any point in time

A

Nt=Noermaxt

58
Q

how do you calculate the standing number in a population at any point in time

A

Nt=BT+IT-DT-ET

59
Q

how do you calculate the number expected at a future time interval

A

deltaN=B+I-D-E

60
Q

organisms that reproduce fast have a fast ___

A

genetic turnover

61
Q

what is heroparous

A

reproduce multiple times in lifetime

62
Q

what is semelparous

A

reproduce once then die

63
Q

what can you have discrete population growth

A

non-overlapping genetations

64
Q

what is the name of the figure for discrete population growth

A

stair stepping cycle

65
Q

what is logistic population growth

A

limits in resources cause limits in population size (intraspecific factors)

66
Q

what is the shape of the logistic population growth graph

A

sigmoid shaped

67
Q

what factor is dealt with in logistic population growth

A

fudge factor

68
Q

what is the logistic population growth equation

A

dN/dt=rmaxN((K-N)/K)

69
Q

what is the key point of the logistic population growth equation

A

allows for changes in r

70
Q

what is k

A

carrying capacity

71
Q

what are the ideals of robert may

A

stoichastity between genetations, not everything has same reproducive output, not everything same same lifespan

72
Q

what did PF Verhulst do

A

limitations on population growth, fixed resources, logistic growth equation

73
Q

what did pearl study

A

extended verhulsts work in population genetics

74
Q

what does the k value represent

A

stable number of individuals that can exist in an environment (carrying capacity)

75
Q

birth and death rates are not always directly related with ___

A

population density

76
Q

when will you have the best r value

A

moderate density

77
Q

what are the consequences of interspecific interactions

A

mutualism, partism/predation, interspecific competition

78
Q

what growth model does intraspecific competition follow

A

logistic growth model

79
Q

when does competition between species occur

A

when there is a sharing of a resource that limits growth, survival, or reproduction of each species

80
Q

what are examples of resources

A

food, water, light, space

81
Q

who did competitive exclusion experiments

A

Gause

82
Q

what was gause’s study on

A

3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct

83
Q

why in gause’s experiment was p. aurelia more successful than p. caudatum

A

p. aurelia has more efficient feeding

Evolution (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions