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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is altered when you change nucleotides

A

the codon message leading to phenotypic changes

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2
Q

how can a nucleotide change alter heritable phenotype

A

if the nucleotides are changed in reproductive cells (somatic cells dont matter for heritability)

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3
Q

what kind of substitution happens when a codon is changed

A

replacement substitution

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4
Q

where was a replacement substitution first noted

A

in sickle cell anemia (val for glu)

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5
Q

what are two casual ways for nucleotide changes to occur

A

replication errors, damaged sites

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6
Q

what are some ways for a nucleotide to be damaged

A

chemical mutagens and radiation

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7
Q

what are the types of changes happening when a nucleotide changes a codon

A

transition or transversion

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8
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transition

A

purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (AG or TC)

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9
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transversion

A

purine for pyrimidine (ACT or GCT)

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10
Q

what type of nucleotide change is more common

A

transition is more common than transversion

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11
Q

why is transversion less common than transition

A

transversion is easier to detect in proofreading ebcause it causes a conformational change to the DNA

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12
Q

which group has higher point mutation rates

A

sexually reproducing organisms have higher point mutation rates

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13
Q

the number of new alleles per individual should match the ____

A

mutation rate

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14
Q

what is the human mutation rate

A

1.6 per person (0.8 for sperm + 0.8 for egg)

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15
Q

machinery of DNA replication and repair are encoded by what

A

all are gene encoded proteins

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16
Q

what are the impacts of mutation to a species

A

mutations can be detrimental, but mutations are the source of individual variation

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17
Q

why can slight allelic variation help a population

A

can help population overcome change in environment so they can thrive

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18
Q

if you have a high mutation rate, what is your survival rate

A

low

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19
Q

how do new genes evolve

A

genes take on new functions and are evolved

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20
Q

how are new genes formed

A

gene duplication and unequal crossover

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21
Q

how does unequal crossover of genes work

A

loss of genes for one chromosome and gaining for the other chromosome (chromosomal alteration)

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22
Q

what is a chromosomal alteration

A

change in the morphology of chromosomes

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23
Q

what are some consequences of chromosomal alteration

A

affect gene order and organization, produces duplication and deletions, inversions, polyploidy

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24
Q

what is a chromosomal inversion

A

break occurs in the chromosome and it flips and reanneals (chromosome attachment can get mixed up)

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25
what is the nickname for genes that have been inverted
supergenes
26
what is polyploidy
change in number of chromosomes per set
27
what is polyploidy most common in
plants not animals ( thought it can happen in animals)
28
what are some animal examples of polyploidy
salamanders, frogs
29
when is viability in polyploidy low
when polyploid is crossed with normal ploidy
30
what is a consequence of polyploidy
can cause reproductive isolation
31
how can you assess genetic diversity
direct measurement of allelic and genotype frequency
32
what is a direct method for measuring geneti diversity
gel electrophoresis
33
what does genetic diversity allow for
evolution allows a change in allelic frequency over time
34
what percent of loci are polymorphic in a population
33-50%
35
what percent of loci in an individual are heterozygous
4-15%
36
is allelic variance more neutralist or selectrionist
neutralist
37
who had a big impact on Darwin as far as natural selection
Thomas Malthus
38
when was there interest in population dynamics
late 18th century, early 19th
39
what did malthus hypothesize
populations cannot maintain exponential growth indefinitely due to insufficient resources (geometric increase)
40
what are the three ideals made by Malthus
geometric increase, resource limitation, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms on population growth and size
41
the power of population is ___ than the power of earth to produce subsistence for man
greater
42
subsistence increases in what kind of manner
arithmetical
43
populations are held within resource limits by what
death rate an birth rate
44
what scientist came up with the same idea as Darwin on natural selection
Ernst Mayr
45
what did Mayr contribute to the idea of evolution
multigenerational perspecitive, genetic diversity, importance of environmental interactions
46
what is differential survival
survival based on different characteristics
47
what is something darwin underestimated in his evolution theory
the speed at which evolution occurs
48
what is intraspecific
within a population
49
what is interspecific
population interacting with environment or other populations
50
what is a population
group of individduals of the same species that interacts with one another in a given area
51
what are the three important characteristics for a population
number of individuals, density, biomass, age distribution, growth rate, distribution, genetic makeup
52
how do two populations interact with each other
competition, predatory prey interactions, symbiosis
53
what is natality
all reproductive means (asexual vs sexual)
54
what factors cause change in abundance
loss and gain
55
what is exponential growth
continuous population growth in an unlimited environment (assumes a perfect or unlimited environment)
56
what is the equation for exponential growth
dN/dt=rmaxN
57
how do you calculate the size of an exponentially growing population at any point in time
Nt=Noermaxt
58
how do you calculate the standing number in a population at any point in time
Nt=BT+IT-DT-ET
59
how do you calculate the number expected at a future time interval
deltaN=B+I-D-E
60
organisms that reproduce fast have a fast ___
genetic turnover
61
what is heroparous
reproduce multiple times in lifetime
62
what is semelparous
reproduce once then die
63
what can you have discrete population growth
non-overlapping genetations
64
what is the name of the figure for discrete population growth
stair stepping cycle
65
what is logistic population growth
limits in resources cause limits in population size (intraspecific factors)
66
what is the shape of the logistic population growth graph
sigmoid shaped
67
what factor is dealt with in logistic population growth
fudge factor
68
what is the logistic population growth equation
dN/dt=rmaxN((K-N)/K)
69
what is the key point of the logistic population growth equation
allows for changes in r
70
what is k
carrying capacity
71
what are the ideals of robert may
stoichastity between genetations, not everything has same reproducive output, not everything same same lifespan
72
what did PF Verhulst do
limitations on population growth, fixed resources, logistic growth equation
73
what did pearl study
extended verhulsts work in population genetics
74
what does the k value represent
stable number of individuals that can exist in an environment (carrying capacity)
75
birth and death rates are not always directly related with ___
population density
76
when will you have the best r value
moderate density
77
what are the consequences of interspecific interactions
mutualism, partism/predation, interspecific competition
78
what growth model does intraspecific competition follow
logistic growth model
79
when does competition between species occur
when there is a sharing of a resource that limits growth, survival, or reproduction of each species
80
what are examples of resources
food, water, light, space
81
who did competitive exclusion experiments
Gause
82
what was gause's study on
3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct
83
why in gause's experiment was p. aurelia more successful than p. caudatum
p. aurelia has more efficient feeding

Evolution (6 decks)

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