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Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biological evolution

A

phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis

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2
Q

what is geological evolution

A

chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time

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3
Q

what are the time units in general for evolution

A

generally decades and centuries

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4
Q

what are the levels of phenotype

A

biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics

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5
Q

what a biochemical phenotype

A

ex. proteins, blood type

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6
Q

why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic

A

can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic

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7
Q

what does it mean for something to be heritable

A

parent passing genetic information to offspring

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8
Q

what are novel alleles

A

alleles that can manifest within a population

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9
Q

whats an example of genetic material undergoing change

A

novel alleles

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10
Q

whats an example where having dominant genes is bad

A

huntingtons disease

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11
Q

what are the dominance types

A

dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance

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12
Q

what are the modes of genetic expression

A

mendelian or non mendelian

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13
Q

what are the reproductive modes

A

sexual vs asexual

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14
Q

what level does biological evolution work at

A

population and species level

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15
Q

what is the defination of evolution at the biological level

A

change in genetic makeup over time

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16
Q

changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what

A

causes biological evolution

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17
Q

what is biological success

A

ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring

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18
Q

what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century

A

species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)

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19
Q

what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species

A

individual variation

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20
Q

what physical evidence exists to support evolution

A

fossils

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21
Q

what are the two types of evidence to support evolution

A

physical and circumstantial

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22
Q

what is circumstantial evidence

A

information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)

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23
Q

what is physical evidence

A

information that directly indicates changes in living organisms

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24
Q

what is the cosmic perspective

A

hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)

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25
Q

what did the big bang create and how long ago was it

A

14bya created universe

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26
Q

when and how was the solar system created

A

4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis

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27
Q

how long does it take to form a star

A

about 1 million years

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28
Q

what is the nebular hypothesis

A

gravitational attraction gas and dust particles

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29
Q

how long ago was the earth formed

A

4.5bya

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30
Q

what is the orientation of plants

A

planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields

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31
Q

what did compression of matter do to the earth

A

cause it to heat up

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32
Q

how many eons is earth history broken into

A

4

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33
Q

what is the first eon of earth history

A

haldean

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34
Q

what was haldean atmosphere like

A

very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane

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35
Q

what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon

A

venting of gasses into space

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36
Q

what was the surface of earth in haldean like

A

very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation

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37
Q

how hot was the surface of earth in haldean

A

230C

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38
Q

what are the 4 eons of earth

A

haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

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39
Q

what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth

A

eukaryotic life and diversification of cells

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40
Q

when was life first found on earth

A

late haldean

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41
Q

when did vertebrates appear

A

end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic

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42
Q

when did oxygen peak in earth history

A

carboniferious

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43
Q

what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate

A

more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry

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44
Q

how did continental drift influence life

A

moving continents changed climate and moved species

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45
Q

how did climate change affect life

A

dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level

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46
Q

how was co2 in the atmosphere removed

A

by precipitation because it dissolves in water

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47
Q

who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution

A

rene lamark-not darwin

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48
Q

whats an example of circumstantial evolution

A

similaries in limb structure

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49
Q

what study did carroll and boyd do

A

soapberry bug study

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50
Q

what was in short the soapberry bug study

A

soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short

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51
Q

what is the soapberry bug an example of

A

physical evidence towards evolution

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52
Q

what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution

A

antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans

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53
Q

what is the role of fossils

A

gives evidence of past life on earth

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54
Q

how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue

A

mineralization

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55
Q

why is it better to have newer fossils

A

more likely to be able to extract DNA

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56
Q

how are fossils and rocks dated?

A

by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes

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57
Q

what can layers of rock strata tell you

A

relative age of sedimentation and weather

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58
Q

how do radioisotopes work

A

nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)

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59
Q

what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

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60
Q

how are periods divided within eras

A

around every 30-80million years

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61
Q

which eras have epochs

A

cenozoic and mesozoic

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62
Q

when are we currently living

A

Eon: phanerozoic

era: cenozoic
period: quaternary
epoch: holocene

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63
Q

who first emphasized the idea of extinction

A

georges cuvier

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64
Q

what did william clift do

A

law of succession (illustrator)

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65
Q

what is the law of succession

A

graded transition

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66
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates

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67
Q

what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence

A

vestigial organs

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68
Q

what are examples of vestigial organs

A

human coccyx and human arrector pili

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69
Q

what is homology

A

featured in different species have the same developmental source

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70
Q

what is the purpose of phylogeny

A

shows degree of relationness

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71
Q

what is an example of homology

A

different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)

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72
Q

what is adaptation

A

a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment

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73
Q

what is speciation

A

new species arises from a preexisting species

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74
Q

what drives sexual selection

A

female choice

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75
Q

what is natural selection linked with

A

adaptation and extinction

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76
Q

how do you evaluate changes in a population

A

hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics

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77
Q

how can environmental induction cause evolution

A

phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)

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78
Q

what is amonomorphic gene

A

one allelic type for a gene

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79
Q

what is polymorphic gene

A

at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different

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80
Q

when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes

A

if mispairing happens in reproductive cells

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81
Q

what is altered when you change nucleotides

A

the codon message leading to phenotypic changes

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82
Q

how can a nucleotide change alter heritable phenotype

A

if the nucleotides are changed in reproductive cells (somatic cells dont matter for heritability)

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83
Q

what kind of substitution happens when a codon is changed

A

replacement substitution

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84
Q

where was a replacement substitution first noted

A

in sickle cell anemia (val for glu)

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85
Q

what are two casual ways for nucleotide changes to occur

A

replication errors, damaged sites

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86
Q

what are some ways for a nucleotide to be damaged

A

chemical mutagens and radiation

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87
Q

what are the types of changes happening when a nucleotide changes a codon

A

transition or transversion

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88
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transition

A

purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (AG or TC)

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89
Q

what nucleotides are changed in transversion

A

purine for pyrimidine (ACT or GCT)

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90
Q

what type of nucleotide change is more common

A

transition is more common than transversion

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91
Q

why is transversion less common than transition

A

transversion is easier to detect in proofreading ebcause it causes a conformational change to the DNA

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92
Q

which group has higher point mutation rates

A

sexually reproducing organisms have higher point mutation rates

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93
Q

the number of new alleles per individual should match the ____

A

mutation rate

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94
Q

what is the human mutation rate

A

1.6 per person (0.8 for sperm + 0.8 for egg)

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95
Q

machinery of DNA replication and repair are encoded by what

A

all are gene encoded proteins

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96
Q

what are the impacts of mutation to a species

A

mutations can be detrimental, but mutations are the source of individual variation

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97
Q

why can slight allelic variation help a population

A

can help population overcome change in environment so they can thrive

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98
Q

if you have a high mutation rate, what is your survival rate

A

low

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99
Q

how do new genes evolve

A

genes take on new functions and are evolved

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100
Q

how are new genes formed

A

gene duplication and unequal crossover

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101
Q

how does unequal crossover of genes work

A

loss of genes for one chromosome and gaining for the other chromosome (chromosomal alteration)

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102
Q

what is a chromosomal alteration

A

change in the morphology of chromosomes

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103
Q

what are some consequences of chromosomal alteration

A

affect gene order and organization, produces duplication and deletions, inversions, polyploidy

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104
Q

what is a chromosomal inversion

A

break occurs in the chromosome and it flips and reanneals (chromosome attachment can get mixed up)

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105
Q

what is the nickname for genes that have been inverted

A

supergenes

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106
Q

what is polyploidy

A

change in number of chromosomes per set

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107
Q

what is polyploidy most common in

A

plants not animals ( thought it can happen in animals)

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108
Q

what are some animal examples of polyploidy

A

salamanders, frogs

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109
Q

when is viability in polyploidy low

A

when polyploid is crossed with normal ploidy

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110
Q

what is a consequence of polyploidy

A

can cause reproductive isolation

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111
Q

how can you assess genetic diversity

A

direct measurement of allelic and genotype frequency

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112
Q

what is a direct method for measuring geneti diversity

A

gel electrophoresis

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113
Q

what does genetic diversity allow for

A

evolution allows a change in allelic frequency over time

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114
Q

what percent of loci are polymorphic in a population

A

33-50%

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115
Q

what percent of loci in an individual are heterozygous

A

4-15%

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116
Q

is allelic variance more neutralist or selectrionist

A

neutralist

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117
Q

who had a big impact on Darwin as far as natural selection

A

Thomas Malthus

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118
Q

when was there interest in population dynamics

A

late 18th century, early 19th

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119
Q

what did malthus hypothesize

A

populations cannot maintain exponential growth indefinitely due to insufficient resources (geometric increase)

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120
Q

what are the three ideals made by Malthus

A

geometric increase, resource limitation, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms on population growth and size

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121
Q

the power of population is ___ than the power of earth to produce subsistence for man

A

greater

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122
Q

subsistence increases in what kind of manner

A

arithmetical

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123
Q

populations are held within resource limits by what

A

death rate an birth rate

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124
Q

what scientist came up with the same idea as Darwin on natural selection

A

Ernst Mayr

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125
Q

what did Mayr contribute to the idea of evolution

A

multigenerational perspecitive, genetic diversity, importance of environmental interactions

126
Q

what is differential survival

A

survival based on different characteristics

127
Q

what is something darwin underestimated in his evolution theory

A

the speed at which evolution occurs

128
Q

what is intraspecific

A

within a population

129
Q

what is interspecific

A

population interacting with environment or other populations

130
Q

what is a population

A

group of individduals of the same species that interacts with one another in a given area

131
Q

what are the three important characteristics for a population

A

number of individuals, density, biomass, age distribution, growth rate, distribution, genetic makeup

132
Q

how do two populations interact with each other

A

competition, predatory prey interactions, symbiosis

133
Q

what is natality

A

all reproductive means (asexual vs sexual)

134
Q

what factors cause change in abundance

A

loss and gain

135
Q

what is exponential growth

A

continuous population growth in an unlimited environment (assumes a perfect or unlimited environment)

136
Q

what is the equation for exponential growth

A

dN/dt=rmaxN

137
Q

how do you calculate the size of an exponentially growing population at any point in time

A

Nt=Noermaxt

138
Q

how do you calculate the standing number in a population at any point in time

A

Nt=BT+IT-DT-ET

139
Q

how do you calculate the number expected at a future time interval

A

deltaN=B+I-D-E

140
Q

organisms that reproduce fast have a fast ___

A

genetic turnover

141
Q

what is heroparous

A

reproduce multiple times in lifetime

142
Q

what is semelparous

A

reproduce once then die

143
Q

what can you have discrete population growth

A

non-overlapping genetations

144
Q

what is the name of the figure for discrete population growth

A

stair stepping cycle

145
Q

what is logistic population growth

A

limits in resources cause limits in population size (intraspecific factors)

146
Q

what is the shape of the logistic population growth graph

A

sigmoid shaped

147
Q

what factor is dealt with in logistic population growth

A

fudge factor

148
Q

what is the logistic population growth equation

A

dN/dt=rmaxN((K-N)/K)

149
Q

what is the key point of the logistic population growth equation

A

allows for changes in r

150
Q

what is k

A

carrying capacity

151
Q

what are the ideals of robert may

A

stoichastity between genetations, not everything has same reproducive output, not everything same same lifespan

152
Q

what did PF Verhulst do

A

limitations on population growth, fixed resources, logistic growth equation

153
Q

what did pearl study

A

extended verhulsts work in population genetics

154
Q

what does the k value represent

A

stable number of individuals that can exist in an environment (carrying capacity)

155
Q

birth and death rates are not always directly related with ___

A

population density

156
Q

when will you have the best r value

A

moderate density

157
Q

what are the consequences of interspecific interactions

A

mutualism, partism/predation, interspecific competition

158
Q

what growth model does intraspecific competition follow

A

logistic growth model

159
Q

when does competition between species occur

A

when there is a sharing of a resource that limits growth, survival, or reproduction of each species

160
Q

what are examples of resources

A

food, water, light, space

161
Q

who did competitive exclusion experiments

A

Gause

162
Q

what was gause’s study on

A

3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct

163
Q

why in gause’s experiment was p. aurelia more successful than p. caudatum

A

p. aurelia has more efficient feeding

164
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle

A

two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist

165
Q

what is resource partitioning

A

species using a limited resource in a different way

166
Q

what kind of competition is inveigled with resource partitioning

A

interspecific

167
Q

what are the two niche types

A

fundamental versus realized

168
Q

what did connell look at

A

niche factors (distribution, survival, reproduction) of barnacles in scotland

169
Q

what did peter and rosemary grant do

A

looked at competition in galapagos finches (beak size based on seed size)

170
Q

what elements of competition are shown in the finch study done by Grant

A

interspecific competition, resource patitioning

171
Q

what is a way to look at predator-prey relations

A

lotka-volterra models

172
Q

what is the lotka volterra model equation

A

(dN)/(dt)=(rN)-(aNP)

N=number prey, P=number predators, r=population growth rate, a=capture efficiency

173
Q

what is aNP

A

overall rate of prey removal

174
Q

what happens when P=0

A

prey population grows exponentially

175
Q

what is the equation for exploitation and population cycle

A

(dP/dt)=baNP-mP
m=mortality rate
b=efficiency with which prey are converted to predator offspring

176
Q

what can prey do to avoid predation

A

behavioral or biochemical changes

177
Q

what can predators do to gain prey

A

try to counteract prey advantages

178
Q

what is the predatory arms race

A

prey and predators fighting to have the better advantage

179
Q

what did Huffaker do

A

mite study with oranges and rubber balls (population cycles)

180
Q

what contribution did Wallace have on Darwin

A

he stressed mutability of species

181
Q

what evidence did darwin use for natural selection

A

artificial selection and natural examples of adaptations among species

182
Q

what are darwins postulates

A

variable individuals, variation due to parents, survival of it fittest, reproduction of the fittest

183
Q

whats a major example documenting darwins postulates

A

medium ground finches show phenotypic change over time that had no human intervention. phenotypic change was result of drought causing seeds to change in size

184
Q

what did ernst mayr look at

A

vertebrate evolution

185
Q

what did thomas huxley do

A

degree of gradualism, genetic inheritance and expression

186
Q

who does natural selection act upon

A

individuals in the population

187
Q

what does natural selection act upon

A

phenotype

188
Q

is natural selection goal oriented (focusing on complexity or intelligence)

A

no

189
Q

is natural selection predictable

A

yes

190
Q

how is natural selection predictable

A

improved populations ability to deal with environment

191
Q

what are the types of selection that have a favoured condition

A

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

192
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

intermediate phenotype has greatest fitness level

193
Q

what is directional selection

A

change in env where previously less fit phenotype now has highest fitness level

194
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

two or more phenotypes show equally high fitness levels so that polymorphism is supported in the population

195
Q

what does the hardy weinberg equation predict

A

stability, models expected changes in a population over time

196
Q

what does the hardy weinberg equation assume

A

no mutation, random mating, no genetic drift, no natural selection, NO EVOLUTION

197
Q

what is the allele frequency equation

A

p+q=1

p+q+r=1

198
Q

what is the genotype frequency equation

A

p2+2pq+q2=1 for diploid (change powers if other ploidy)

199
Q

what is fitness (w)

A

contribution of each phenotype to the genetic makeup of the next generation

200
Q

what is the highest fitness number

A

1.0

201
Q

when would an organism have a fitness of 0

A

if they have lethal alleles that cause death

202
Q

what is the best selection coefficient you can have (s)

A

0

203
Q

how do you integrate fitness into hardy weinberg?

A

by using selection coefficient (sort of the reciprocal of fitness)

204
Q

whats the selection coefficient of a highly fit organism

A

0

205
Q

why can you not get rid of a recessive allele by natural selection alone

A

heterozygosity

206
Q

what is the fitness of non-mendelian codominance

A

Aa=1-hs
AA=1
aa=1-s

207
Q

does phenotypic plasticity exist

A

allele expression sensitivity to the environment may shape fitness

208
Q

is natural selection equally operative throughout the environment

A

spatial differences, temporal differences

209
Q

what is the model prediction for a stable population

A

frequency values for genotypes multipied by average population size to predict number of individuals for each genotype

210
Q

what is the model prediction for a growing population

A

if s is low and growth is fast then number of individuals with disadvantaged phenotypes may increase

211
Q

what is the model prediction for a declining population

A

absolute number decline for all phenotypes if r is sufficiently negative

212
Q

what are the two types of selection directed towards heterozygotes

A

overdominance and underdominance

213
Q

what is overdominance

A

w=1 s=0 heterozygotes favoured over dominant or recessive individuals

214
Q

what is underdominance

A

w<1 s>0 heterozygote inferiority

215
Q

what happens to alleles in overdominance

A

no extinction since heterozygotes favoured

216
Q

what happens to alleles in underdominance

A

chance events can cause allelic extinction

217
Q

what is frequency dependent selection

A

selection coefficient changes as a function of genotype frequency

218
Q

what are the types of frequency dependent selection

A

negative or positive

219
Q

what is negative frequency dependent selection

A

more rare phenotype in population is favoured

220
Q

what is positive frequency dependent selection

A

more abundant phenotype is favoured

221
Q

what was the example given in class on frequency dependent selection

A

elderflower orchid

222
Q

what is the source of new alleles

A

mutation

223
Q

introduction of new allele copies yield changes in _____

A

allele frequency

224
Q

assume ___ mutation per 10,000 copies of a normal allele

A

1

225
Q

what is a back mutation

A

reverting to an old allele

226
Q

what does migration allow for

A

movement of alleles to different populations

227
Q

what example was used in class for allele migration

A

lake erie water snakes

228
Q

what changed between two populations of lake erie water snakes

A

their colour morphs (melanistic vs not)

229
Q

why is one colour morph in lake erie water snakes favoured over the other

A

predation, blending into setting, rocky versus sandy shore

230
Q

what are random components of evolution

A

mutation, environmental changes, migration, random genetic drift

231
Q

what is a process that changes evolution randomly

A

random genetic drift

232
Q

what are key factors to the random genetic drift

A

chance events, population size, opportunity for inbreeding

233
Q

what does longterm genetic drift lead to

A

reduced genetic diversity

234
Q

is the success of alleles over time related to their survival value (fitness)

A

no

235
Q

what is an example of allelic segregation

A

meiosis producing ova and sperm

236
Q

what is sampling error

A

source of change in a population

237
Q

random genetic drift can lead to

A

reduction in variabiity in a population

238
Q

what makes genetic drift most likely

A

small population

239
Q

are individuals subject to natural selection in the bottleneck effect

A

no

240
Q

what is bottle neck effect

A

major reduction in survival (due to env seq causing large number indv die off)

241
Q

what does bottleneck effect lead to

A

change in allelic abundances

242
Q

what is the founder effect a reduction of

A

genetic diversity

243
Q

what is the founder effect

A

formation of a new geologic population

244
Q

what is jump dispersal

A

indv displaces from main pop over a long distance (often islands)

245
Q

what is the founder effect driven by

A

chance dynamics

246
Q

what is founder effect driven by

A

normal dynamics of dispersal

247
Q

what is vigility

A

ability to cover long distances

248
Q

what organisms most use jump dispersal

A

those with vigility (flying animals)

249
Q

what are chance dynamics

A

outcome isnt fixed with any specific group

250
Q

what are two mitigating factors

A

chance dynamics and colonization

251
Q

what is colonization

A

allelic representation isnt representative of main population

252
Q

what are reproductive encounters driven by

A

proximity and population size

253
Q

whats the formula for any individual in a randomly mating population

A

F=1/(2N)

254
Q

how can you increase the decline in heterozygosity

A

by having a smaller population

255
Q

what can disrupt a decline in heterozygosity

A

migration

256
Q

what was sonya cleggs work on

A

microsatellite DNA in silvereye birds

257
Q

what is microsatellite DNA

A

highly repetitive non coding DNA

258
Q

when would you use microsatellite DNA

A

systematic studies

259
Q 
TA
TATA
TATATA
TATATATA
TATATATATA
TATATATATATA
A 
mono nucleotide repeat
di 
tri
tetra
penta
minisatellite DNA
260
Q

what disease deals with microsatellite DNA

A

huntingtons disease

261
Q

where was silvereye colonization taking place

A

australia and new zealand

262
Q

what effect is seen in cleggs silvereye work

A

founder effect and genetic drift

263
Q

what are the long term outcomes of random genetic drift

A

alleles drift toward fixation or loss, there is a loss of H, these outcomes assume no NS migration mutation

264
Q

what is another name for sexual selection

A

assortative mating

265
Q

what is mate choice based on in sexual selection

A

phenotypic features (visual, olfactory, auditory)

266
Q

who initially recognized sexual selection

A

charles darwin

267
Q

what is the more common directionality in sexual selection

A

female choice for males

268
Q

sexual selection has parallel dynamics to what

A

natural selection

269
Q

what is one critical dynamic in sexual selection

A

parental investment

270
Q

what is parental investment

A

both sexes have an investment in their offspring

271
Q

what is the genetic contribution in sexual selection

A

generally equal between sexes

272
Q

what is the energetic contribution in sexual selection

A

much greater on the part of the female

ova, hatching, after care

273
Q

a females reproductive success is tightly tied to what

A

the fitness of her mate (time and energy cost)

274
Q

what are the 4 match schemes

A

monogamous, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity

275
Q

what is monogramy

A

one mate per individual with common joint care

276
Q

what is polygyny

A

male mates with many females

277
Q

what is polyandry

A

female mates with multiple males with male caring for offspring

278
Q

what is promiscuity

A

multiple mates in one season for both sexes with no care being common

279
Q

where is monogamy most common

A

birds and some fish and a few mammals

280
Q

what is a group of females that a male may guard

A

harem

281
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

phenotypic differences between sexes

282
Q

what are the two types of sexual dimorphism

A

attractiveness and territorial defense

283
Q

what are examples of attractiveness in sexual dimorphism

A

colouration, adornment, vocalization, courtship behaviors

284
Q

what are examples of territorial defense in sexual dimorphism

A

size, strength, speed

285
Q

what does the handicap principle counterbalance with

A

natural selection

286
Q

whats is the handicap principle

A

excessive energetic cost and diminished defense

287
Q

why does territoriality happen in intrasexual selection

A

males are territorial over females or a habitat so females can be well nested

288
Q

where is polygyny territoriality popular

A

in lizards and mammals

size strength intelligence

289
Q

what are the formats for intrasexual selection

A

sperm competition, infantcide, territoriality

290
Q

what is sperm competition

A

multiple closely spaces mating by female or spermatozoan release is affected by presence of another suitor

291
Q

what is infantcide

A

males killing rival offspring or competitors raiding nests

292
Q

what did we look at for the gray treefrog

A

mate choice driven by female choice

293
Q

what is kin selection

A

help to benefit members of pop that youre related to

294
Q

what are the possible outcomes of kin selection

A

cooperative, altruistic, selfish, spiteful

295
Q

who benefits from cooperativity

A

actor and recipient

296
Q

who benefits from altruistic

A

recipient only

297
Q

who benefits from selfish

A

actor only

298
Q

who benefits from spiteful

A

none

299
Q

what did hamilton propose

A

inclusive fitness in support of altruism

300
Q

what is a key driving dynamic to sociality

A

kin selection

301
Q

what are the three keys to eusociality

A

overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, nonreproductive castes

302
Q

what groups is eusociality common in

A

formicidae, apidae, vespidae

303
Q

how is communication done in eusocial animals

A

pheromones, tactile signals, visual ques

304
Q

what is the r value of full siblings

A

0.5

305
Q

what is the r value of cousins

A

0.125

306
Q

what is hamiltons rule for altruistic allele

A

Br-C>0 (B is benefit to recipient, C is cost to actor)

307
Q

what led to complex ant and bee colonies

A

kin selection

308
Q

all ___ are eusocial

A

ants

309
Q

most ____ are eusocial

A

bees (apidae)

310
Q

what did hamilton propose is key to eusociality

A

haplodiploidy (XY ZW)

311
Q

whats a mammal that shows eusociality

A

naked mole rats

Evolution (6 decks)

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