Evolution Final Flashcards
1
Q
what is biological evolution
A
phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis
2
Q
what is geological evolution
A
chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time
3
Q
what are the time units in general for evolution
A
generally decades and centuries
4
Q
what are the levels of phenotype
A
biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics
5
Q
what a biochemical phenotype
A
ex. proteins, blood type
6
Q
why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic
A
can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic
7
Q
what does it mean for something to be heritable
A
parent passing genetic information to offspring
8
Q
what are novel alleles
A
alleles that can manifest within a population
9
Q
whats an example of genetic material undergoing change
A
novel alleles
10
Q
whats an example where having dominant genes is bad
A
huntingtons disease
11
Q
what are the dominance types
A
dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance
12
Q
what are the modes of genetic expression
A
mendelian or non mendelian
13
Q
what are the reproductive modes
A
sexual vs asexual
14
Q
what level does biological evolution work at
A
population and species level
15
Q
what is the defination of evolution at the biological level
A
change in genetic makeup over time
16
Q
changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what
A
causes biological evolution
17
Q
what is biological success
A
ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring
18
Q
what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century
A
species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)
19
Q
what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species
A
individual variation
20
Q
what physical evidence exists to support evolution
A
fossils
21
Q
what are the two types of evidence to support evolution
A
physical and circumstantial
22
Q
what is circumstantial evidence
A
information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)
23
Q
what is physical evidence
A
information that directly indicates changes in living organisms
24
Q
what is the cosmic perspective
A
hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)
25
what did the big bang create and how long ago was it
14bya created universe
26
when and how was the solar system created
4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis
27
how long does it take to form a star
about 1 million years
28
what is the nebular hypothesis
gravitational attraction gas and dust particles
29
how long ago was the earth formed
4.5bya
30
what is the orientation of plants
planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields
31
what did compression of matter do to the earth
cause it to heat up
32
how many eons is earth history broken into
4
33
what is the first eon of earth history
haldean
34
what was haldean atmosphere like
very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane
35
what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon
venting of gasses into space
36
what was the surface of earth in haldean like
very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation
37
how hot was the surface of earth in haldean
230C
38
what are the 4 eons of earth
haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic
39
what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth
eukaryotic life and diversification of cells
40
when was life first found on earth
late haldean
41
when did vertebrates appear
end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic
42
when did oxygen peak in earth history
carboniferious
43
what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate
more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry
44
how did continental drift influence life
moving continents changed climate and moved species
45
how did climate change affect life
dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level
46
how was co2 in the atmosphere removed
by precipitation because it dissolves in water
47
who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution
rene lamark-not darwin
48
whats an example of circumstantial evolution
similaries in limb structure
49
what study did carroll and boyd do
soapberry bug study
50
what was in short the soapberry bug study
soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short
51
what is the soapberry bug an example of
physical evidence towards evolution
52
what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution
antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans
53
what is the role of fossils
gives evidence of past life on earth
54
how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue
mineralization
55
why is it better to have newer fossils
more likely to be able to extract DNA
56
how are fossils and rocks dated?
by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes
57
what can layers of rock strata tell you
relative age of sedimentation and weather
58
how do radioisotopes work
nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)
59
what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
60
how are periods divided within eras
around every 30-80million years
61
which eras have epochs
cenozoic and mesozoic
62
when are we currently living
Eon: phanerozoic
era: cenozoic
period: quaternary
epoch: holocene
63
who first emphasized the idea of extinction
georges cuvier
64
what did william clift do
law of succession (illustrator)
65
what is the law of succession
graded transition
66
what is punctuated equilibrium
rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates
67
what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence
vestigial organs
68
what are examples of vestigial organs
human coccyx and human arrector pili
69
what is homology
featured in different species have the same developmental source
70
what is the purpose of phylogeny
shows degree of relationness
71
what is an example of homology
different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)
72
what is adaptation
a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment
73
what is speciation
new species arises from a preexisting species
74
what drives sexual selection
female choice
75
what is natural selection linked with
adaptation and extinction
76
how do you evaluate changes in a population
hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics
77
how can environmental induction cause evolution
phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)
78
what is amonomorphic gene
one allelic type for a gene
79
what is polymorphic gene what is polymorphic gene
at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different
80
when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes
if mispairing happens in reproductive cells
81
what is altered when you change nucleotides
the codon message leading to phenotypic changes
82
how can a nucleotide change alter heritable phenotype
if the nucleotides are changed in reproductive cells (somatic cells dont matter for heritability)
83
what kind of substitution happens when a codon is changed
replacement substitution
84
where was a replacement substitution first noted
in sickle cell anemia (val for glu)
85
what are two casual ways for nucleotide changes to occur
replication errors, damaged sites
86
what are some ways for a nucleotide to be damaged
chemical mutagens and radiation
87
what are the types of changes happening when a nucleotide changes a codon
transition or transversion
88
what nucleotides are changed in transition
purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (AG or TC)
89
what nucleotides are changed in transversion
purine for pyrimidine (ACT or GCT)
90
what type of nucleotide change is more common
transition is more common than transversion
91
why is transversion less common than transition
transversion is easier to detect in proofreading ebcause it causes a conformational change to the DNA
92
which group has higher point mutation rates
sexually reproducing organisms have higher point mutation rates
93
the number of new alleles per individual should match the ____
mutation rate
94
what is the human mutation rate
1.6 per person (0.8 for sperm + 0.8 for egg)
95
machinery of DNA replication and repair are encoded by what
all are gene encoded proteins
96
what are the impacts of mutation to a species
mutations can be detrimental, but mutations are the source of individual variation
97
why can slight allelic variation help a population
can help population overcome change in environment so they can thrive
98
if you have a high mutation rate, what is your survival rate
low
99
how do new genes evolve
genes take on new functions and are evolved
100
how are new genes formed
gene duplication and unequal crossover
101
how does unequal crossover of genes work
loss of genes for one chromosome and gaining for the other chromosome (chromosomal alteration)
102
what is a chromosomal alteration
change in the morphology of chromosomes
103
what are some consequences of chromosomal alteration
affect gene order and organization, produces duplication and deletions, inversions, polyploidy
104
what is a chromosomal inversion
break occurs in the chromosome and it flips and reanneals (chromosome attachment can get mixed up)
105
what is the nickname for genes that have been inverted
supergenes
106
what is polyploidy
change in number of chromosomes per set
107
what is polyploidy most common in
plants not animals ( thought it can happen in animals)
108
what are some animal examples of polyploidy
salamanders, frogs
109
when is viability in polyploidy low
when polyploid is crossed with normal ploidy
110
what is a consequence of polyploidy
can cause reproductive isolation
111
how can you assess genetic diversity
direct measurement of allelic and genotype frequency
112
what is a direct method for measuring geneti diversity
gel electrophoresis
113
what does genetic diversity allow for
evolution allows a change in allelic frequency over time
114
what percent of loci are polymorphic in a population
33-50%
115
what percent of loci in an individual are heterozygous
4-15%
116
is allelic variance more neutralist or selectrionist
neutralist
117
who had a big impact on Darwin as far as natural selection
Thomas Malthus
118
when was there interest in population dynamics
late 18th century, early 19th
119
what did malthus hypothesize
populations cannot maintain exponential growth indefinitely due to insufficient resources (geometric increase)
120
what are the three ideals made by Malthus
geometric increase, resource limitation, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms on population growth and size
121
the power of population is ___ than the power of earth to produce subsistence for man
greater
122
subsistence increases in what kind of manner
arithmetical
123
populations are held within resource limits by what
death rate an birth rate
124
what scientist came up with the same idea as Darwin on natural selection
Ernst Mayr
125
what did Mayr contribute to the idea of evolution
multigenerational perspecitive, genetic diversity, importance of environmental interactions
126
what is differential survival
survival based on different characteristics
127
what is something darwin underestimated in his evolution theory
the speed at which evolution occurs
128
what is intraspecific
within a population
129
what is interspecific
population interacting with environment or other populations
130
what is a population
group of individduals of the same species that interacts with one another in a given area
131
what are the three important characteristics for a population
number of individuals, density, biomass, age distribution, growth rate, distribution, genetic makeup
132
how do two populations interact with each other
competition, predatory prey interactions, symbiosis
133
what is natality
all reproductive means (asexual vs sexual)
134
what factors cause change in abundance
loss and gain
135
what is exponential growth
continuous population growth in an unlimited environment (assumes a perfect or unlimited environment)
136
what is the equation for exponential growth
dN/dt=rmaxN
137
how do you calculate the size of an exponentially growing population at any point in time
Nt=Noermaxt
138
how do you calculate the standing number in a population at any point in time
Nt=BT+IT-DT-ET
139
how do you calculate the number expected at a future time interval
deltaN=B+I-D-E
140
organisms that reproduce fast have a fast ___
genetic turnover
141
what is heroparous
reproduce multiple times in lifetime
142
what is semelparous
reproduce once then die
143
what can you have discrete population growth
non-overlapping genetations
144
what is the name of the figure for discrete population growth
stair stepping cycle
145
what is logistic population growth
limits in resources cause limits in population size (intraspecific factors)
146
what is the shape of the logistic population growth graph
sigmoid shaped
147
what factor is dealt with in logistic population growth
fudge factor
148
what is the logistic population growth equation
dN/dt=rmaxN((K-N)/K)
149
what is the key point of the logistic population growth equation
allows for changes in r
150
what is k
carrying capacity
151
what are the ideals of robert may
stoichastity between genetations, not everything has same reproducive output, not everything same same lifespan
152
what did PF Verhulst do
limitations on population growth, fixed resources, logistic growth equation
153
what did pearl study
extended verhulsts work in population genetics
154
what does the k value represent
stable number of individuals that can exist in an environment (carrying capacity)
155
birth and death rates are not always directly related with ___
population density
156
when will you have the best r value
moderate density
157
what are the consequences of interspecific interactions
mutualism, partism/predation, interspecific competition
158
what growth model does intraspecific competition follow
logistic growth model
159
when does competition between species occur
when there is a sharing of a resource that limits growth, survival, or reproduction of each species
160
what are examples of resources
food, water, light, space
161
who did competitive exclusion experiments
Gause
162
what was gause's study on
3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct
163
3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct
p. aurelia has more efficient feeding
164
what is the competitive exclusion principle
two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist
165
what is resource partitioning
species using a limited resource in a different way
166
what kind of competition is inveigled with resource partitioning
interspecific
167
what are the two niche types
fundamental versus realized
168
what did connell look at
niche factors (distribution, survival, reproduction) of barnacles in scotland
169
what did peter and rosemary grant do
looked at competition in galapagos finches (beak size based on seed size)
170
what elements of competition are shown in the finch study done by Grant
interspecific competition, resource patitioning
171
what is a way to look at predator-prey relations
lotka-volterra models
172
what is the lotka volterra model equation
(dN)/(dt)=(rN)-(aNP)
| N=number prey, P=number predators, r=population growth rate, a=capture efficiency
173
what is aNP
overall rate of prey removal
174
what happens when P=0
prey population grows exponentially
175
what is the equation for exploitation and population cycle
(dP/dt)=baNP-mP
m=mortality rate
b=efficiency with which prey are converted to predator offspring
176
what can prey do to avoid predation
behavioral or biochemical changes
177
what can predators do to gain prey
try to counteract prey advantages
178
what is the predatory arms race
prey and predators fighting to have the better advantage
179
what did Huffaker do
mite study with oranges and rubber balls (population cycles)
180
what contribution did Wallace have on Darwin
he stressed mutability of species
181
what evidence did darwin use for natural selection
artificial selection and natural examples of adaptations among species
182
what are darwins postulates
variable individuals, variation due to parents, survival of it fittest, reproduction of the fittest
183
whats a major example documenting darwins postulates
medium ground finches show phenotypic change over time that had no human intervention. phenotypic change was result of drought causing seeds to change in size
184
what did ernst mayr look at
vertebrate evolution
185
what did thomas huxley do
degree of gradualism, genetic inheritance and expression
186
who does natural selection act upon
individuals in the population
187
what does natural selection act upon
phenotype
188
is natural selection goal oriented (focusing on complexity or intelligence)
no
189
is natural selection predictable
yes
190
how is natural selection predictable
improved populations ability to deal with environment
191
what are the types of selection that have a favoured condition
stabilizing, directional, disruptive
192
what is stabilizing selection
intermediate phenotype has greatest fitness level
193
what is directional selection
change in env where previously less fit phenotype now has highest fitness level
194
what is disruptive selection
two or more phenotypes show equally high fitness levels so that polymorphism is supported in the population
195
what does the hardy weinberg equation predict
stability, models expected changes in a population over time
196
what does the hardy weinberg equation assume
no mutation, random mating, no genetic drift, no natural selection, NO EVOLUTION
197
what is the allele frequency equation
p+q=1
| p+q+r=1
198
what is the genotype frequency equation
p2+2pq+q2=1 for diploid (change powers if other ploidy)
199
what is fitness (w)
contribution of each phenotype to the genetic makeup of the next generation
200
what is the highest fitness number
1.0
201
when would an organism have a fitness of 0
if they have lethal alleles that cause death
202
what is the best selection coefficient you can have (s)
0
203
how do you integrate fitness into hardy weinberg?
by using selection coefficient (sort of the reciprocal of fitness)
204
whats the selection coefficient of a highly fit organism
0
205
why can you not get rid of a recessive allele by natural selection alone
heterozygosity
206
what is the fitness of non-mendelian codominance
Aa=1-hs
AA=1
aa=1-s
207
does phenotypic plasticity exist
allele expression sensitivity to the environment may shape fitness
208
is natural selection equally operative throughout the environment
spatial differences, temporal differences
209
what is the model prediction for a stable population
frequency values for genotypes multipied by average population size to predict number of individuals for each genotype
210
what is the model prediction for a growing population
if s is low and growth is fast then number of individuals with disadvantaged phenotypes may increase
211
what is the model prediction for a declining population
absolute number decline for all phenotypes if r is sufficiently negative
212
what are the two types of selection directed towards heterozygotes
overdominance and underdominance
213
what is overdominance
w=1 s=0 heterozygotes favoured over dominant or recessive individuals
214
what is underdominance
w<1 s>0 heterozygote inferiority
215
what happens to alleles in overdominance
no extinction since heterozygotes favoured
216
what happens to alleles in underdominance
chance events can cause allelic extinction
217
what is frequency dependent selection
selection coefficient changes as a function of genotype frequency
218
what are the types of frequency dependent selection
negative or positive
219
what is negative frequency dependent selection
more rare phenotype in population is favoured
220
what is positive frequency dependent selection
more abundant phenotype is favoured
221
what was the example given in class on frequency dependent selection
elderflower orchid
222
what is the source of new alleles
mutation
223
introduction of new allele copies yield changes in _____
allele frequency
224
assume ___ mutation per 10,000 copies of a normal allele
1
225
what does migration allow for
movement of alleles to different populations
226
what example was used in class for allele migration
lake erie water snakes
227
what changed between two populations of lake erie water snakes
their colour morphs (melanistic vs not)
228
why is one colour morph in lake erie water snakes favoured over the other
predation, blending into setting, rocky versus sandy shore
229
what are random components of evolution
mutation, environmental changes, migration, random genetic drift
230
what is a process that changes evolution randomly
random genetic drift
231
what are key factors to the random genetic drift
chance events, population size, opportunity for inbreeding
232
what does longterm genetic drift lead to
reduced genetic diversity
233
is the success of alleles over time related to their survival value (fitness)
no
234
what is an example of allelic segregation
meiosis producing ova and sperm
235
what is sampling error
source of change in a population
236
random genetic drift can lead to
reduction in variabiity in a population
237
what makes genetic drift most likely
small population
238
are individuals subject to natural selection in the bottleneck effect
no
239
what is bottle neck effect
major reduction in survival (due to env seq causing large number indv die off)
240
what does bottleneck effect lead to
change in allelic abundances
241
what is the founder effect a reduction of
genetic diversity
242
what is the founder effect
formation of a new geologic population
243
what is jump dispersal
indv displaces from main pop over a long distance (often islands)
244
what is the founder effect driven by
chance dynamics
245
what is founder effect driven by
normal dynamics of dispersal
246
what is vigility
ability to cover long distances
247
what organisms most use jump dispersal
those with vigility (flying animals)
248
what are chance dynamics
outcome isnt fixed with any specific group
249
what are two mitigating factors
chance dynamics and colonization
250
what is colonization
allelic representation isnt representative of main population
251
what are reproductive encounters driven by
proximity and population size
252
whats the formula for any individual in a randomly mating population
F=1/(2N)
253
how can you increase the decline in heterozygosity
by having a smaller population
254
what can disrupt a decline in heterozygosity
migration
255
what was sonya cleggs work on
microsatellite DNA in silvereye birds
256
what is microsatellite DNA
highly repetitive non coding DNA
257
when would you use microsatellite DNA
systematic studies
258
```
TA
TATA
TATATA
TATATATA
TATATATATA
TATATATATATA
```
```
mono nucleotide repeat
di
tri
tetra
penta
minisatellite DNA
```
259
what disease deals with microsatellite DNA
huntingtons disease
260
huntingtons disease
australia and new zealand
261
what effect is seen in cleggs silvereye work
founder effect and genetic drift
262
what are the long term outcomes of random genetic drift
alleles drift toward fixation or loss, there is a loss of H, these outcomes assume no NS migration mutation
263
what is another name for sexual selection
assortative mating
264
what is mate choice based on in sexual selection
phenotypic features (visual, olfactory, auditory)
265
who initially recognized sexual selection
charles darwin
266
what is the more common directionality in sexual selection
female choice for males
267
sexual selection has parallel dynamics to what
natural selection
268
what is one critical dynamic in sexual selection
parental investment
269
what is parental investment
both sexes have an investment in their offspring
270
what is the genetic contribution in sexual selection
generally equal between sexes
271
what is the energetic contribution in sexual selection
much greater on the part of the female
| ova, hatching, after care
272
a females reproductive success is tightly tied to what
the fitness of her mate (time and energy cost)
273
what are the 4 match schemes
monogamous, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity
274
what is monogramy
one mate per individual with common joint care
275
what is polygyny
male mates with many females
276
what is polyandry
female mates with multiple males with male caring for offspring
277
what is promiscuity
multiple mates in one season for both sexes with no care being common
278
where is monogamy most common
birds and some fish and a few mammals
279
what is a group of females that a male may guard
harem
280
what is sexual dimorphism
phenotypic differences between sexes
281
what are the two types of sexual dimorphism
attractiveness and territorial defense
282
what are examples of attractiveness in sexual dimorphism
colouration, adornment, vocalization, courtship behaviors
283
what are examples of territorial defense in sexual dimorphism
size, strength, speed
284
what does the handicap principle counterbalance with
natural selection
285
whats is the handicap principle
excessive energetic cost and diminished defense
286
why does territoriality happen in intrasexual selection
males are territorial over females or a habitat so females can be well nested
287
where is polygyny territoriality popular
in lizards and mammals
| size strength intelligence
288
what are the formats for intrasexual selection
sperm competition, infantcide, territoriality
289
what is sperm competition
multiple closely spaces mating by female or spermatozoan release is affected by presence of another suitor
290
what is infantcide
males killing rival offspring or competitors raiding nests
291
what did we look at for the gray treefrog
mate choice driven by female choice
292
what is kin selection
help to benefit members of pop that youre related to
293
what are the possible outcomes of kin selection
cooperative, altruistic, selfish, spiteful
294
who benefits from cooperativity
actor and recipient
295
who benefits from altruistic
recipient only
296
who benefits from selfish
actor only
297
who benefits from spiteful
none
298
what did hamilton propose
inclusive fitness in support of altruism
299
what is a key driving dynamic to sociality
kin selection
300
what are the three keys to eusociality
overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, nonreproductive castes
301
what groups is eusociality common in
formicidae, apidae, vespidae
302
how is communication done in eusocial animals
pheromones, tactile signals, visual ques
303
what is the r value of full siblings
0.5
304
what is the r value of cousins
0.125
305
what is hamiltons rule for altruistic allele
Br-C>0 (B is benefit to recipient, C is cost to actor)
306
what led to complex ant and bee colonies
kin selection
307
all ___ are eusocial
ants
308
most ____ are eusocial
bees (apidae)
309
what did hamilton propose is key to eusociality
haplodiploidy (XY ZW)
310
whats a mammal that shows eusociality
naked mole rats
311
what phenotypic change involves features that improve fitness
Adaptions
312
do adaptions happen to an ind. or a population
ind.
313
what type of organisms adapt with group fitness
eusocial
314
what are adaptions generally shaped by
environmental (Predation, competition) (abiotic)
315
what aspects of an organism may be enhanced with an adaption to enhance fitness
any (biochemical, physiology, behavior, life history)
316
how many genes are altered during adaptions
single gene to multiple genes
317
what organism did we study that had physical and behavioral changes to "stride on water"
water strider
318
what is critical for a population in order to have NS occur
genetic variation
319
What is a limitation in maximizing fitness
Biophysical
320
What is it referred to when you get really good at living in cold environments, but you cant live in warm environments
trade offs
321
what are three types of adaptive trade offs
energy cost
compromise of fitness for other selection pressures
loss of competitiveness
322
what fish occupies shallow marine waters where temp is -1.9
antantic notothenid
323
what protein did the notothenid fish add to adapt to the cold temps
AFGP (stops crystal growth)
324
what is the cTmax temp of notothenid fish where protein denaturation occurs
5 to 10 C
325
why do notothenids have a low solute concentration
evolves from fresh water
326
boney fish are thought to have ________ body fluids (solute concentration compared to sea water)
hypo osmotic
327
what temp does sea water freeze at
-1.86
328
what is the freezing point of boney fish
-.7 to -.8 C
329
what protein gave raise to AFGP
Trypsin
330
what AA sequence attaches to the ice
Ala Ala Thr
331
when did the boney fish evolve AFGP
30 MYA
332
what is it referred to when evolutionary changes in one species influence selection pressures acting on another species
coevolution
333
coevolution produced more effective __________ __ _________ _____________ in cooperating species
facultative to obligatory mutualism
334
what example did we go over that had to evolve mutualist responces to eat wood
termites
335
coevolution produces _________ __________ among interspecific comeptitiors
resource partitioning
336
what is an example of resource partitioning
finches
337
what is it referred to when there is coevolution between predators and preys or parasitism or herbivory
arms race
338
what is the hypothesis in coevolution where each organism is separately enhancing its advantage generating new selection pressures on alternate species
Red queen hypothesis
339
where was the red queen hypothesis derived from
Alice and Wonderland (we don't need to know this)
340
what is the red queen hypothesis
if a prey improves, the predator will improve, then the prey will improve again..... and so on and so fourth
341
who came up with the red queen hypothesis
Leigh Van Valen
342
what was the example randy-jack thought was cool for the "arms race"
Newts
343
what does cryptic mean
camouflage
344
for the newt example, what was the newt genus
Taricha
345
what did the newt develop high levels of
TTX-texrodotoxin
346
what type of poison is TTX
blocks NA channels ( nerve and muscle impairment)
347
what did the garder snakes develop in order to keep eating the newts (red eft)
resistance to TTX
348
what did the newts evolve to survive
increased their ability to produce TTX
349
what is it referred to when ALL members of a population show common morphological bright coloration to show predators they are dangerous
aposematic coloration
350
what is it referred to when the environment alters gene expression
phenotypic plasticity
351
the ability to go through phenotypic plasticity is an __________, doing the change is not an _________
adaption
| adaption
352
what type of phenotypic plasticity has continuous changes
continuous plasticity
353
What is an example of continuous plasticity
tanning, or membrane fluidity
354
what type of phenotypic plasticity has large-scale changes "on- off switch"
polyphenism
355
what is an example of polyphenism
locust migratory phase
356
what is the genus species name of the locust
schistocerca gregaria
357
what caused the physiological, morphological, and behavioral trait changes in the locust
over crowding... so toxic food
358
when locust eat toxic food what is the color change referred as
aposematism
359
who realize that the aposematism of the locust cause less prediction
G. Sowrd
360
what is the key to induce the migratory phase in locust
hormones
361
what phenotypic plasticity event is induced during the formative period of the organism and is very common in plants
developmental response
362
what animals were examples of the dev. response
snails and tadpoles
363
is the developmental response reversible
what is an example of the developmental response
no
plants.... they have roots that grow into poor nutrients, (while in formative period it was helpful, but because it is irreversible...they struggle as adults)
364
what was lamarks idea
He believed that an organism would adapt to its environment( not randomly)..
365
what involves a change in phenotype due to exposer to a specific environment
acclimation
366
is acclimation reversible
yes
367
how long does an acclimation take to occur and how long does it last
hours
| days to weeks
368
what example did we go over for acclimation
ectothermic metabolism response to temp change
369
when there is a change in temperature, what is altered in ectotherms in regards to metabolism
kinetic energy and then thermal induced enzyme change
370
what is it referred to when there is an acclimation response to metabolism
metabolic composition
371
as temp goes up, what happens to cellular respiration rate
raises
372
what type of composition event is it when animals hibernate
Inverse (paradoxical)
373
where does metabolism rates go to when hibernation
drops below acute response (normal effect of temp)
374
what is it referred to when metabolism returnes to the level of previous acclimation temp
complete composition
375
what is it called when an organism can have a complete metabolic composition
homeometabolic
376
how does the animal return the metabolic rate
increase enzymes
377
what is a group of tightly bound collective where genetic makeup is nearly identical among the colony members and a few ind. ever get to reproduce
eusocial
378
what is an example of colony species
Physalia (hydrozoa)
379
how does Physalis live in a colony
lives as morphological distinct forms that acts together in feeding and defence
380
one of the three polyp forms is called what
zooid
381
what two reasons make plants that live in a colony a problem
same genetic
| connected underground
382
what plants are connected underground, how do ecologist define ind.
each shoot
383
who emphasized symbiosis is very important in evolution
Lynn Margulis
384
what did Margulis study
microorganism that were ubiquitous
385
how large is the pando tree
106 acres (40,000 shoots)
386
who came up with the species concept in animals (verts)
Mayr
387
what three features are used to define a species (verts)
common descent
reproductive community
niche
388
what is the species concept that is defined by early taxonomists
typological
389
in the typological species concept, could species change
no
390
what would taxonomist look at when defining a species
morphology
391
what made darwin so successful in evolution
population thinking and ind variation
392
who proposed the biological species concept
theodosius Dobzhansky and Mayr
393
what are the two keys to biological species concept
niche
| reproduction isolation
394
what does reproductive isolation minimize
hybridization
395
what two areas does the biological species concept ignore
asexual organism
| hybridizartion
396
in the biological species concept it does not account foe animals that have change in genetic makeup over time.... what is this referred to as
temporal dimension
397
who proposed the evolution species concept
George gaylord simpson
398
what did the evolutionary species concept bring about
a species can give raise to a new species
399
does evo species concept work on both sexual and asexual
yes
400
what approach does the evo species concept take
ecological
401
what is the species concept where an irreducible grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other groupings has similar parental patterns
phylogenetic species concept
402
what is the first thing you need for a new species
ancestral species
403
what must happen to groups in the ancestral species to have a speciation event
genetic isolation (different gene pools)
404
this is defined as how easily an organism can move around
vagility
405
where there is a lot of gene flow between populations can speciation occur
no
406
what can alter genetic isolate (3) Large scale
geology
biology
history
407
if speciation starts to occur, but then some gene flow occurs, what happens
speciation stops
408
what is the isolation model when a barrier is created and gene flow is largely eliminated
allopatric
409
what is a common example of allopatric speciation
founder effect
410
where is the example of allopatric speciation
Arizona and desertification
411
once allopatric speciation occurs what evolution mechanisms acts on the species
NS, SS, RGD, and mutations
412
which isolated gene pool may entail a secondary contact before completion
parapartric
413
which isolation gene pool is most challenging and resolved with NS, RGD, and SS
Sympatric
414
what are two common occurrences that can cause an allopatric speciation
climate change and geographic separation (last week)
415
what group of animals are often seen with allopatric speciation
verts (last week)
416
when reproductive isolation occurs and the environments are different what may change for an organism
ecological niche
417
what leads to less viable offspring
interbreeding
418
what is an inviable offspring where matings are considered wasted
post zygotic isolation
419
what is it considered when you have a behavioral or morphological difference that is not a wasted effort
pre zygotic isolation
420
what is a common reason interbreeding can occur between two species
simular niches
421
if there is viable offspring from interbreeding, what common occurrence can happen
gene flow
422
when interbreeding occurs can a new niche form
yes
423
what is it referred to when hybrids act as a bridge for gene flow
Introgression
424
what is a offspring from interbreeding that may have an intermediate phenotype
hybrid
425
what two outcomes can hybrids have
new niche
| interact with parental forms
426
what is an example of a hybrid that became its own species
audubon warbler
427
what is it referred to when hybrids interact with parental forms
introgressive hybridization
428
what are two examples of introgressive breeding
Hares and iberian Peninsula
429
what genus of bird had a hybrid around califorina and two different parental forms, one in canada and two in mexico
setophaga
430
what three birds make up S. auduboni
nigiforms goldmandi and coronata
431
what event caused S. auduboni to come about
hybridization
432
what was the hare genus in the introgressive hybridization
Lepus
433
What are the two main species of Lepus in Eurasia
timid and europaeaeus
434
where there is overlap in eurasia, what speciation event caused hybridization
Paraparetic speciation
435
what type of separation is it when a species separates but is in the same geographic area
sympatric speciation
436
Spain was our main focus for Lepus, what did they used to measure the relatedness
mitochondrial DNA
437
why was mitochondrial DNA used
Material, always passed on, and no crossover
438
what three species of leprus live in spain
Granatenis, europus, castviejoi
439
what leprus addition was made in mitochondrial dan
timidus
440
what did erupopus hybridize with
timidius and granidensis
441
why is the timidius mitochondrial DNA so far from the original
Hybridization that kept happening and moving down
442
what percent of neanderthal DNA is also in humans
1 to 3
443
what two models achieve sympatric separation
single step genetic alteration
| disruptive selection
444
what is an altered genetic background such that viability with the original gene pool is marked reduced (random)
single step genetic aulterations
445
what is it referred to when NS favors polymorphism
disruptive selection
446
who said gene flow with sympatric speciation is too high to allow divergence
Mayr
447
what is it referred to when the gametes do not experience loss of chromosomes during either first or second meiotic division
meiotic non disjunction
448
when a chromosome that went through meiotic nondisjunction joins with a normal gamete, what type of offspring will you generate
triploid
449
what is the result of a second round of nondisjunction of a triploid paired with a haploid gamete
tetraploid
450
what happens when non-disjunctions events occur to both male and female gametes and they join together
tetraploid
451
what is it referred to when offspring viability is low with disparate (uncomparable) ploidy levels
rapid isolation
452
what is an example when non disjunction only involves a small portion of the chromosomal compliment
trisomy 21
453
who came up with the behavioral barrier for disruptive selection
john smith
454
what disruptive speciation event did we go over
frit flies
455
for eurosta solidaginis what plant species did females prefer to deposit ovideposits in
solidago altissima
456
what plant species did eurosta solidaginis prefer near lakes
Other, sorry guys I lost my headphones and couldn't listen to the recording
457
what example did we look at where NS reduced hybridization
Rhagoletis pomonella
458
what did the rhagoletis pomonella use as its natural fruit
hawthorn
459
what plant did the rhagoletis pomonella switch to
apples, and pairs
460
how do the females in rhagoletis pomonella select fruit
where they grew up
461
what is the pre zygotic event where species have a different timing for breeding
temporal
462
what pre zygotic event occurs when species occupy different apreas
spacial
463
What is the area of classification called
taxonomy
464
what do people use today instead of taxonomy
systematics
465
what is systemics
evolutionary relativeness
466
how many species are named
1 million
467
how many plants are there
220,000
468
how many fungi
44,000
469
how many bacteria
11,000
470
who did the study in 2011 on the trend analysis of real life biological diversity on earth
Mora
471
what year did the bio diversity of art start
1750's
472
Moras experiment skipped what type of systematics
Kingdom
473
what is the taxonomic hierarchical system order
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
474
Who started classification
Linnaeus
475
what change did each charge see as you went from one to the next
not as steep at beginning
| each one dampened out a little more
476
what happened to the phylum graph 120 years ago
saturated out (enzyme kinetic graph)
477
are we approaching the saturation level for species
no
478
how many species would Moras study show
2 million
479
the taxonomic level versus amount shows what relationship
linear
480
what was linnaeus job before systematics
botanist
481
what group has the most amount of species
Insects (1million)
482
where are the Mammals on the amount of species graph
Middle
483
why are there so many insects
how they exploit their environment
484
what is evolution based on
ecological changes
485
do insects see the world in a narrow or broad spectrum
narrow
486
what are we on the scheme of life
sea cucumbers (we probably don't need to know this)
487
how did Linnaeus classify species
morphology
488
what book did Linnaeus publish his work
Systema Nature
489
what all did he use to classify animals
kingdom, orders, genera, and species
490
what were the three original kingdoms
animals
vegetables
minerals
491
what were the 6 original classes of animals
```
mammals
aves- (included reptiles)
amphibia
Pisces
Insecta- ew (included spiders)
Vermes (worms) - ew
```
492
what is the name of animal groups at each rank in the hierarchy
taxon
493
can taxons be broken down
yes, (superorder, subclass.... and so on)
494
what is the major goal of systematics
infer an evolutionary tree that relates all extend the extinct species
495
how is the goal accomplished
studying the organismal features formally called characters that vary among species
496
what is any feature used to study variation within and among species
Characters
497
what tree things are used when identifying
chromosomal, morphological, molecular features
498
why are genes complicated when joining systematics
polypheniesm
499
how do you reconstruct phylogeny
which variant form of each character occurred in the most common ancestor
500
what is the character that the oldest ancestor would have
ancestral trait
501
do traits stay
no
502
what are characters that arise
derived character states
503
what is an ancestral trait for hominids
bipedalism
504
what is a derived character state of hominids
brains
505
this device connects organisms based on levels of measured relatedness
phylogenetic trees
506
what three things are used to make a phylogenetic tree
current morphology
genetic makeup
paleontological record
507
who innovated the phylogenetic tree
Darwin
508
what is the area of the tree that represents the immediate lineage of the most recent ancestor
root
509
what three things do trees show
time (left to right or bottom to top)
made from key ancestral characters and subsequent mod.
derived characters are used to indicate other divergences
510
what is also called taxi metrics
Phenetics
511
who made phenetics
Sokal
512
what did sokal do
equal weighting on levels of animals
| levels of simularies
513
who did a phonetic approach on plants in 1763
adanson
514
what is another name for ancestral traits
pleisomorphy
515
what is another name for derived traits
apomorphies
516
do you look at a lot or a little amount of characters for phenetics
a lot
517
what two complications do phonetics have
convergent evolution and adaptive radiation
| similarities that arise after divergence
518
what is an example of convergent evolution
two unrelated species dev. similar traits
| dessert animals
519
who defines the difference between homologous and analogous
Owens
520
what is an example of analogous
insect wing and bird wing
521
what are shared characters because of convergent evo
homoplasy
522
what is a character present due to common ancestry
synapomorphy
523
what is a derived character found in all members following a diverging point
Apomorphy
524
what is a more common way to study analysis
cladistics
525
what study do they look at key premise revolves around characters presence through the history of a group
Cladistics
526
what is another name for cladistics
phylogenetic systematics
527
who coined the name cladistics
Hennig
528
what has a greater weight in cladistics, ancestral or derived traits
ancestral
529
what are derived traits used in cladistics
divergent events
530
why are paleontological record invaluable in cladistics
most destroyed
531
what is used for cladistics
breadth of occurrence
532
what is the parsimony approach
simplest cladogram
533
what is the problem with the parsimony approach
mother nature does not always follow
534
how are the cladograms made in parsimony
computer program
535
most noteworthy fossils are what size
mm
536
who came up with the notion of gradualism
darwin
537
what is gradualism
measurable or changeable and moment in a species
| slow changes
538
who game up with uniformitarianism
lyell
539
what is uniformitarianism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
540
what did fossil findings in the 18th and 19th century show
different life forms excited in the past
541
who discovered extinction
cuvier
542
who introduced paleontology
henri Marie Duritay de Blanhiville
543
what did gould and eldrige propose
punctuated equilibrium
544
what is punctuated equilibrium
gradual changes followed by abrupt changes followed by slow changes
545
what is the most common cause for mass extinction
climate change
546
what three notions did paleontology bring to evo
gradualism,
punctuated equilibrium
mass extinctions
547
what tree former does paleobio focus on
nature and life form
specific time
interaction
548
what are some specialized paleontology and bio combos
paleobotany, paleoecology
549
what are the two main types of fossils
body or trace
550
do most body fossils stay articulated
no
551
what are the two main reasons fossils are destroyed
weathering or metamorphic processes
552
how many animal phyla have no recorded fossils remains (fraction amount)
2/3
553
what part of the body is most likely to be reserved
hard (bone, shell, or cartilage)
554
what is an exception where soft body parts are preserved
Lagerstattle
555
how is a common way specimens are buried in anoxic sediment (type of lagerstattle)
landslides or storms
556
what is an example of a trace fossil
tracks
557
why are anoxic area crucial for lagerstatle
no O2 helps preserve
558
what is a new finding in fossil
proteins and DNA
559
what is the most famous fossil of early animal life from cambarian
Burgess Shall
560
what is important about the cambarian
most animal origin
561
how are fossils created
diagenesis
562
what is diagenesis
original organic material is replaced by surrounding minerals
563
what can happen during diagenesis (problem)
recrystallization
564
what is it considered when material is pressed into sediment and marks and impression, chemicals are replaced by minerals
adpression
565
what is it called when organism is buried by sediment with little decay (anoxic)- internal spaces fill with mineral rich water
per mineralization
566
with CAT scans what can be seen with a fossil that was permineraliated
internal organs
567
when was the ediacaran around
precambrian
568
what is the ediacara biota
don't know if its an animal
569
when was the precambrian
600 to 540 MYA
570
what Eon is the precambrian
Proterozoic
571
were the animals in the ediacaran period multi cellular
yes
572
when did animals arise
700MYA
573
when were communities first present
575MYA
574
what happened 575 MYA ______ Explosion
Avalon explosion
575
what animal that is still around was around in the edicara biota
sponges (spiracles)
| cnidarian (superficial)
576
what kingdom was present in edicara biota
Vendozoa
577
do (superficial) groups in this ediacara biota resemble later groups
yes
578
what group was the kimberella from
monoplacaphorans ---- mollask phylum
579
when was the Cambrian explosion
542 MYA
580
what eon and era was the cambarian
Phanerozoic Eon
| Paleozoic Era
581
what was the sudden divergence called- coined by darwin but against NS
rapid diversification
582
what was the main problem in the
molecular data places major diversification back to 800MYA (animals were changing faster then molecular data shows)
583
what phylum showed up in the Cambrian (trilobites)
arthropods
584
where did most diversification occur
shallow marine waters
585
what three major body plans showed up during the Cambrian explosion
bilateral
metamerism
cephalization
586
what did bilateral symmetry lead to
better mobility and cephalization
587
what does better mobility lead to
better explosion of environment
588
what happened in result to the new body plans
new niches
589
what is the fusion of segments (in metamerism)
tagmosis
590
what happens after mass extinctions
many now niches
591
what did tagmosis give raise to
large regions like head
592
what are three major environmental changes during cambarian explosion
ice ages ending
calcium rose
oxygen rose
593
what is the benefit to calcium raising
bone
594
when did O2 levels begin to raise
proterzoic era
595
when did the world have the most O2
carboniferous
596
what two processes happens that are in conjunction to extinction
stochastic dynamic
| low population numbers
597
what two type of events can cause changes in population size
abiotic and biotic
598
when there is a change in the environment, what is a key earn an organism cant adapt
loss of genetic variability
599
what species to species interactions can occur that may lead to extinction
competitors, predators and pathogens
600
what change in the environment can lead to extinction
physical
601
are extinctions always occurring
yes
602
what are background extinctions
when a species can't sustain life with changes in climate
603
who noted that extinctions are always occurring through geological history (with different taxonomic groups over different geological time lines the general relationship held up)
Van -valen (also red queen)
604
what did divergence give raise to
new forms, not accommodations
605
do short climat changes cause extinctions or long changes
long
606
how long do species generally last
few millions
607
how ling do genera last
10s of millions
608
what are the five mass extinctions during the phenerozoic
ordovician, devoniana, permian, trassi, creataceous
609
is it easy to tell how many species when extinct during a mass extinction
nope
610
what was the smallest mass extinction, only losing 20%
cretaceous
611
what was the larges mass extinction and lost about 90%
permian
612
what are mass extinctions followed by
radiation of other groups ( adaptive radiation)
613
what group grew after permian extinction
mammals
614
why was the Cretaceous so important
lost important groups
615
who proposed that the end in cretaceous was from an astroid event
alvarez and alvarez
616
what was found in the K-t boundary, showing an extinction from an astroid
iridium
617
where was the creator left from the cretaceous extinction
gulf of mexico
618
what type of dating was used for the gulf of mexico creator
Chicxulub
619
what two reasons cause extinctions
destruction and climate change
620
who did the proposal of nemesis
raup and sepkoski
621
what is the proposal of nemesis
large scale extinction every 26 to 27 million years from astroid
622
what causes the change that alters the astroid belt orbital patterns
dwarf star near pluto
623
what did the astroid cause after impact
many years of photosynthesis not working, cause many groups to die
624
what event cause the major change in the triassic
volcano and climate change
625
who introduced the gradualism
Darwin
626
what is a slow but continuous process
gradualism
627
what is a slow divergence of a lineage
anagenesis
628
what drove the fire point for the gradualism
hutton and lyell with uniformitarianism
629
what was darwin belief in genetics
blending
630
what modern changes are seen on the course scale in many lineages
gradualism
631
what is a common example of gradualism
horse
632
what was a belief before darwinkhat evolution occurred in sudden large scale changes
heterogenesis
633
what is another term for heterogeneous
saltationism
634
who came up with the hopeful monster
goldschmidt
635
what is a hopeful mosnster
changes that would randomly occur and hopeful be successful
636
who later refined heterogeneous into quantum evolution
Simpson
637
why did geneticists believe in heterogenesis
rapid mutations that were fostered by environmental stress and chromosomal abnormalities
638
what is an example of chromosomal abnormalities
diploid and tetraploid gray tree frogs
639
who proposed the punctuated equilibrium
eldrege and gould
640
that did punctuated equilibrium show
long periods of stasis followed by little evo changes and then a period of raid geologically divergence with in a lineage
641
what speciation model did punctuated equilibrium follow
allopatric
642
when did predecessors to mammals arise and what were they
275 MYA
| therapsids
643
what two groups endured the late trassic extinction
cynodonts and dicynodonts
644
what are the four characteristics to the therapsids
appendages directly beneath body
temporal fenestra larger than in reptile body
differentiated dentition single ear ossicle
645
what was an added feature in therapsids
endothermy
646
what extensive feature showed endothermy
nasal conchae (like birds and mammals)
647
what patterns did therapsids show similar to modern mammels
fibro-lamellar
648
what interspecific relationship occurred in triassic
predator prey
649
this eon takes in the last 500+ million years
phanerozoic
650
this geological period is the earliest individually designated period and it begins a little more than 540 million years ago
cambrian
651
what is it meant when a gene is describes as being polymiorphic
has at least 2 alleles
652
what alteration in the environment in florida caused a change in the mouth part structure for some populations of soapberry bugs during the past 80 years
change in fruit skin making then go from balloon fruit to golden rain fruit
653
give a noteworthy technique used to date fossils in relation to the present day timeline
radioisotopes
654
this outcome of evolution renders a population better able to cope with an environmental factor that is acting on the survival of its members
adaptation
655
what mechanism of evolution specificall accounts for or causes the outcome of adaptation
natural selection
656
this mechanism of evolution results from the action of chance events
random genetic drift
657
what kind of environmental condition will favour strains that have intrinsically high mutation rates
rapid changing environment
658
give the general range of loci that are thought to be polymorphic within an individual
4-15%
659
this 18/19 century theologian did pioneering work describing the dynamics and consequences of population growth
malthus
660
give the formula used to compare r values
birth rate-death rate
661
what premisedestinguishes the allee effect from traditional population growth models
low r at low density
662
what growth limiting parameter is introduced into the logistic growth equation vs the exponential growth equation
carrying capacity
663
for competition to occur this feature must exist with regard to an environmental resource
limited abundance
664
who is credited with developing the competitive exclusion principle
gause
665
give the letter symbol used to designate the selection coefficient of a phenotype and the standard value that is assigned to the most fitness phenotype for a trait
s=0
666
give the complete equation for genotype frequencies when selection is acting on the q phenotype in a mendelian scheme with q being recessive
p^2+2pq+q^2(1-s)=1
667
what change happened in the morphology of Geospiza fortis regaring its ability to feed during a drought in the galapagos islands
increased beak size
668
give the last name of the researchers who observed beak size change in galapagos birds
grant and grant
669
state three critical assumptions that must be met for genotype frequencies to meet a hardy-weinberg equilibrium based on a known allele frequency distribution
no natural selection, no migration, no genetic drift
670
what birds did sonya clegg study to demonstrate founder effect events
silvereye birds
671
what genetic components did clegg use to guage the level of divergence among bird populations in the south pacific
microsatellite dna
672
who is credited with first identifying the existence of sexual selection
darwin
673
give two broadly occurring examples where female animals have a greater immediaate investment in the reproduction process than do their male mates
costly ova, housing unborn young
674
what morphological feature in male Gelada baboons primarily signals their fitness to female conspecifics
red chest patch
675
describe one of the three color patterns seen in male side blotches lizards and the specific behaviour pattern associated with this morph
blue lizards are cooperative
676
this term is used for breeding area where males aggregate in order to attract and court female conspecifics
lek
677
this mating system has a female mating with and guarding several male conspecifics
polyandry
678
what toxin is used by newts to defend against predators
tetrodotoxin (ttx)
679
this microbiologist emphasized that symbiotic interactions are criticl framework in the evolution of species
lynn margulis
680
what conditions trigger locust to switch to their migratory phenotype
overcowding
681
this type of phenotypic plasticity is common in plants and it occurs during a formative period
developmental response
682
give an example of where defining a single individual in a population can be difficult
clonal reproduction in plants
683
what benefit is offered to animals that undergo inverse compensation during a prolonged decline in body temperature
energy savings
684
describe an important feature about many organisms that renders the biological species concept unworkable for them
many species reproduce asexually
685
this relatively modern scheme for evolution involves long periods of stasis where species show little evolutionary change followed by a period of rapid geologically divergence within a lineage that gives rise to a new species
punctuated equilibrium
686
name one of the two investigators credited with proposing punctuated equilibrium
gould
687
this model for evolutionary change was promoted by darwin
gradualism
688
what was the main evidence offered by alvarez and alvarez concerned the role of an asteroid in the main extinction event involcing the dinosaurs
iridium content
689
the end of this geological period saw the largest recorded mass extinction event of complex life
permian
690
this geological period showed the greatest diversity of animal life with the appearance of the most phyla
cambrian
691
give two major body plan changes that made the latter diversification from the cambrian possible
bilateral symmetry and metamerism
692
Where did Hominid evolution begin
Africa
693
What was the nature of the environment for hominid evolution
Savanna
694
What key feature was different for savannas during hominid evolution
more moisture, so more trees
695
what did two types of enviroment did savanna turn into
forest and desert
696
___________ shows us that appears to be the first step to human
Australopithecus
697
what type evolution is brain size as it arose in human evolution
derived
698
what was the fundamental feature for the homo genus (arose with Australopithecus)
bipedal
699
why do we believe bipedalism arose
carrying food
| and long distance
700
what else is important to australopithecus
social
701
what did australopithecus give raise to
Homo genus
702
what were some of the early groups of Homo
H. erectus
| H. ergaster
703
what were later derived from the homo genus
H. neanderthal
| H. sapiens
704
what percent DNA is in modern humans id neanderthal
1 to 3
705
when did homo sapiens arise and where
250,000 to 200,000
| east africa
706
when did a. aferiancensis arise
6 to 7 MYA
707
what was the first fossils called
Tu lie --??? spelling
708
how old was the child fossils in afar (salom)
3.3 MYA (in sandstone)
709
where did the evolution
Afar, Ethiopia
710
what was found in the area where the child's fossil was
volcanic activity
711
when were plants domesticated
10,000
712
when did cave art arise
20,000
713
when did they find Homo's
1.3 MYA
714
what species was the baby? and Lucie
A. afirencsis
715
what came along with the babies skull
spine, knee cap, Tibia, shoulder blade
716
how did he discover how old the baby was and how old was she when she died?
adult teeth in CT scan ( 3 years old)
717
what helped conform lucy talked upright
hip, and femur and tibia articulation
718
what motion did lucys shoulder show about her
swing on trees
719
what was the valley in Afar like when A aferiencsis was around?
lakes, ain forest, grassy plains, woodlands
720
what did a aferiencsis look like
chimps
721
what else lived in the afar area
Hippo, antelope and other
722
as the forest shrunk, what was a trait that chimps dev?
bipedalism
723
what are some theories why we sand upright
stood up to see over tall grass,
stood up to cool
stood up to pick berries
saved energ
724
why did bipedalism help a aferiencsis
carry things and save energy
725
what is the difference between our bipedalism and chimps bipedalism
energy
726
when did humans and chimps last share a common ancestor
6 MYA
727
where did they find human ancestors in such an ancient place
northern Chad
728
how old was the salhapous ???????
6 MYa
729
what was found with the salhapous (area of body)
skull
730
what was used to reproduce the salhapous skull
3d printer
731
what are of the skull shows bipedalism
where the skull connects to the spine
732
what groups were also bipedal and had chimp like brains
orrorian, ---------- (look up)
733
what is a key difference between human and chimp children
humans are children longer
734
by age three what percent of the brain was dev for salome
75%
735
what percent of the brain is developed for 3-year-old chimps
90%
736
what separate the vision structures from the neocortex in chimps
lunate sulcus
737
do humans have the lunate sulcus
not really, it is pushed back so the neocortex is expanded
738
when were tools discovered
2.5 MYA
739
who made first the tools?
Homo habilis
740
what were tools used for
breaking down animals to get to bone marrow
741
what anatomical change to the thumb helped shape better thumbs
broader bone
742
what was a skull addition to H. habilis showing a larger frontal region
forehead
743
how much did the brain grow from a. aferincis to H. habilus
doubled (800 cc)
744
what environmental changes did east africa see in 1million years
grass, to volcano, to lake, to desert, to lake
745
what algal component shows that the east africa valley was once a lake
diatoms
746
when the brain size flawed line what was happening to the weather
staying the same
747
when the brains starting increasing what was happening to the weather
cycling rapidly
748
what was the driving force to human evolution
our ability to how we can adapt to climate change
749
where was the first species found that was most similar to humans (homo erectus)
great with valley of east africa
750
what was so special about the Leekys finding (terkonavoi)
whole skeleton
751
what was the main different anatomical changes to H. erectus and us
smaller skull (brain area)
752
was tarkarnivoi full grown
no
753
what did the teeth of terconivoi show about the boy
8 years old
754
why is a prolonged child development helpful for humans
longer brain dev.
755
what size was the tercanavo brain
900cc
756
what causes a change on communication
----- area in brain
757
what was an innovative development H. erectus used
stone tools
758
what did tool making show about homo erectus
they could think ahead
759
what is the most negative aspect of large brains
requires a lot of energy
760
what did homo erectus add to their diet to supply more brain energy
meat
761
how did homo erectus kill animals that were bigger and stronger
endurance running
762
how can we find out how we lost out body hair
lice
763
what lice is more related to gorilla lice
pubic
764
how did they test human hair lice and human pubic lice relatedness
dna testing
765
based off of human lice, when did humans lose body hair
3MYA
766
how do most nominals lose body heat
panting
767
how do we lose most body heat
sweat
768
what did sweat lead to in the homo genus
more endurance
769
what did endurance running lead to
persistence hunting
770
what is it referred to when Homo erectus chased their prey and then once the prey sat down, they would chase it again and repeat until the animal is heat stroked
persistence hunting
771
what time of the day did homo erectus hunt
mid day
772
what did eating meat lead to
ability to use fire for cooking
773
what was a secondary advantage to fire
communication
774
what is special about human infants
hard wired to read emotions of others
775
what did they find on in the deminsi site
lower jaw
776
what did migrations most likely occur out of Africa based off the deminsi fossil
1.8MYA
777
what is the hobbit called
homo floriensis
778
how large id the hobbit brain
400 cc
779
what were primitive features to the hobbit
brain size and small
780
what might have gave raise to the hobbit
homo erectus
781
what was the driving force of the dispersal of homo erectus
climate change
782
what was the major find that homo erectus looked after one another
old skull with no teeth
783
how large was the first pop of humans
600
784
when humans moved to an area, what happened to the other hominids species
went extinct
785
what did they look at to see what neanderthals were like
child 100,000 years ago
786
where did homo sapiens first arise
homo erectus
787
what was the earliest to inhabit Europe
homo heidenbergeensis
788
what does the pith show
ceremonial burial
789
what was the first symbol ever found found at the pith (homo heidenbergensis)
excaliaber
790
what gave raise to neanderthals and us
homo heidenbergenesis
791
what did the teeth of the young boy show
how fast he was growing up
792
the jaw showed he was 11, but how old was he
8
793
what did the short childhood show
they had less time for brain dev
794
what was the major difference between the neanderthal brains and our brains (shape)
the bean was low and elongate
795
what areas of the brain were different then ours
parietal and temporal
796
what did neanderthals eat
meat (large game)
797
what does neanderthal tools show
they had to get close to their prey to kill it
798
how long did a neanderthal live
30 years
799
when did neanderthals vanish
25,000 year ago
800
when did humans arise
200,000
801
what anatomical changes did early humans have vs us
large brow bones
802
what happened to the earth 200,000 years a go
ice age and drought
803
what cause the loss of diversity in human DNA
bottle neck
804
where did the early humans have to live
cost and highlands
805
where was the pop of original homo sapiens
near the sea
806
what adaption did the coast move cause
prediction of moon cycles and change in stone tools
807
what advancement did we make to tools
larger variety
808
what was the first evidence of human symbolism
red orcha
809
what shells did they find with humans
holes for jewelry
810
when did we move out of africa
60,000 years ago
811
where did we meet neanderthals
middle east
812
what gene is identical to ours show neanderthals might be able to speak
foxp2
813
what does foxp2 help
motor skills for speech
814
where did foxp2 derive?
homo heidenbergensis
815
what does foxp2 show
heidenbergensis gave raise to us an neanderthals
816
what cause neanderthals to leave
we pushed them out
817
how much dna is in humans is neanderthals (average)
1 to 3 percent (interbreeding was a thing-ew)
818
what has the highest neanderthal DNA and what percent
2 to 4 in Europe
819
what has the least
asia
820
how much higher is endoterm vert metabolic rate versus ectotherm vert
10x
821
what is the evidence for endothermy in therapsids
nasal chonchae, fibro-lamellar pattern, predator prey ratios
822
what was the diverging line from cynodonts in the late triassic (225mya)
mammaliaformes
823
when was the crown group for mammalia separated
early jurassic (190mya)
824
what was notable about mammals in the age of dinosaurs
has a diverse mammalian fauna but they were not prominent predators or herbivores
825
what are the modern mammalian characteristics
temporal fenestra, endothermy, fibro-lamellar bone deposition, mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bones, neocortex
826
when does fossil record show hair
in amber 100mya and imprints 160mya
827
what was castrocauda lutrasimilis
early mammal that looked like a cross between a beaver and an otter
828
when did primate evolution begin
possibly in late cretaceous (55mya)
829
what is the species of oldes tprimate
archicebus achilles (55mya in eocene)
830
when did lagomorpha appear
late cretaceous
831
early forms of primates looked like what
arboreal and small bodied
832
what are the key features of early primates
large brain, stereoscopic vision, prehensile trails, opposable thumb, slow maturation time
833
how are conclusions on current life forms made
cellular layout, DNA as programming molecule, use of ATP based on ribose
834
the framework of life is microscopic and based on ____ so special challenges are posed
organic chemicals
835
how old are bacterial fossils found
3.5bya (cell walls distinguishable with EM)
836
what is monera
bacteria
837
how long ago was the origin of universe
big bang 13.8bya
838
when was the origin of solar system
4.6bya
839
what is the theory of origin of solar system
nebular hypothesis
840
what is nebular hypothesis
gravitational attraction gas and dust particles
841
how many years does it take a star to form
1 million years
842
when is the origin of earth
4.55bya
843
what is the theory for origin of earth
planets form along an accretion disk associated with rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields
844
how old are the oldest terrestrial rocks
4.3bya
845
when did atmosphere begin to be O2 rich
2.5bya
846
when is the hadean eon
4.5-4.0bya
847
what are the two theories for life starting on earth
abiogenesis and panspermia
848
what is abiogenesis
advanced chemical evolution led to first cells on earth
849
what are some factors for abiogenesis
affinity of organic molecules for each other, drying events making tidal pools, clay particles having charged surfaces facilitating molecular interactions
850
what is panspermia
microorganisms carried to a planet by incoming debris
851
who suggested panspermia
Kelvin, Arrhenius , etc
852
what kind of a process is chemical evolution on early earth
interwoven process involving concurrent changes
853
what are the chemical evolution things we looked at
stellar evolution, solar system dynamics, geological/atmospheric evolution
854
all extant life is thought to be traced to a common primordial life form--what is its name
LUCA (last universal common ancestor)
855
what is the fundamental nature of LUCA
cellular framwork, DNA was directing molecule, proteins did needed activities, horizontal transfer of DNA
856
what are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer
transformation, transduction, bacterial conjugation, gene transfer agents
857
what is transformation
uptake of foreign genetic material from env
858
what is transduction
virus moves DNA between bacteria
859
what is bacterial conjugation
transfer of a plasmid
860
what are gene transfer agents
virus like DNA in the rhodobacterrales
861
what is the best detailed evidence of cells
large array of paleontological material 2.5bya and younger showing prokaryotic cells (cyanobacteria)
862
what is the earliest evidence of cells
Knoll and barghoorn, wacey
863
what did knoll and barghoorn find
bacteria like cells 3.25bya with cell walls and cell division with measurable carbon content
864
what did wacey find
cells from 3.4bya with cells attached to pyrite compound suggesting a sulfur based oxidation reduction metabolism
865
how can molecular analysis of early divergences be used
compare similarities in DNA sequences
866
what did woese argue
ambiguities are created by horizontal gene transfer as seen with borrelia
867
who came up with the universal gene-exchange hypothesis
woese
868
what did early cellular life depend on
riboenzymes and proteins that functioned more independently
869
what is an example of communal dynamic existing with evolution
similarities like ATP use and codon framework
870
interdependent protein function led to what
integrated genomes that could exploid resources
871
does horizontal or vertical transfer favour natural selection
vertical
872
what was the ring of life hypothesis for
proposed divergence of the domains
873
who came up with the ring of life hypothesis
rivera and lake
874
what is the ring of life hypothesis
there is more total concordance in gene sequences between bacteria and yeast than between archaea and yeast
875
what does the ring of life hypothesis say on how eukaryotic cells formed
with fusion of archara cell and bacteria cell
876
what is the chronocyte hypothesis for
proposed divergence of the domains
877
who proposed the chronocyte hypothesis
Doolittle and others
878
what is the chronocyte hypothesis
eukarya began diverging first and the prokaryotes split into the bacteria and archaea at a later time
879
how can you infer chemical condition of prebiotic world
from oldest rock strata and observation of presumably less modified planets
880
what did miller/urey look at
different early atmospheric conditions, within 1 week there was glycine and alanine
881
stellar gas clouds can produce ___
organics
882
how were macromolecules made and kept
evaporation pools at shoreline, clays
883
how did evaporation pools make and keep macromolecules
partical drying of tidal pools concentrate organic monomers and facilitate polymerization events
884
how did clays make and keep macromolecules
charged surface of clays held monomers close togther facilitating polymerization
885
only ___ handed amino acids used
| only ___ handed carbohydrates used
left
| right
886
what was the guiding dynamic for making macromolecules
reaction stoichiometry
887
what kinds of macromolecules would have existed forever ago
lipid-like, proto-proteins, proto-nucleic acids
888
what did ferris experiment on
volcanic derived clays facilitating polymerization
889
what type of clay did ferris look at
montmorillonite
890
what did ferris' RNA monomer experiments find
RNA monomers bound clayy surfaces and RNAs started forming with two days and with more varieties
891
what other molecule did ferris repeat his experiments with
amino acids and had similar results with clay binding
892
what is a riboenzyme
RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions
893
what is the gradualism model
species descent from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they acquire unique adaptations
894
what is the punctuated equilibrium model
a new species changes most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence
895
what genes are involced in body plan programming
homeobox and hox genes
896
what do homeobox genes do
imporant control functions
897
what do hox genes do
critical in body plan development on antereoposterior axis (establish body segment identity)
898
where do hedgehog genes program
development of body plan at dorsoventral axis
899
hox genes were first worked on in what animal
drosophila
900
what happened to fruit flies with abnormal alleles
legs in place of antennae and two pairs of wings instead of one pair
901
what was the elena, cooper lenski experiment
e.coli strain that doesnt exchange genetic material looking at mutations for cell size
902
what did bishop ussher do (1600s)
fixed a date to creation (life forms immutable)
903
what was the date of creation for bishop ussher
october 23 4004BC
904
what led to the disproval of usshers date for formation of earth
geology in the 18th-19th century
905
who were early contributors to geological earth history
hutton and charles lyell
906
erasmus darwin suggested biological evolution in his writings, who was erasmus
grandfather of charles darwin
907
what did lamarck suggest in early 1800's
inheritance of acquired characteristics
908
when did wallace and darwin present their paper and where
july 1 1858 at the linnean society of london
909
who sponsored darwin and wallace paper
lyell
910
when was darwins book published
1859
911
what was the draft title for darwins book
on the mutability of species
912
how many copies first printed of darwins book
1250
913
when does survival of the fittest appear in darwins book
5th edition 1869
914
how much was the first edition of darwins book
30 pounds then, 100000 pounds now
915
who was the most vocal proponent for darwins book
huxley
916
alternative mechanisms emphasized from ___ to ___
1880 to 1930
917
what was the curch of england response to darwins book
opposed by traditionalist but liberal members supported notion as a model for divine action in natural
918
what was the unitarian church response to darwinsbook
supportive (his grandfather founded this church)
919
who encouraged publication of darwins book in usa
asa gray
920
who had the strongest negative response to darwins book
american evangelical and conservative denominations
921
what states and when did they ban teaching of eolutuon in public scjools
kentucky and south carolina in 1922, oklahoma d florida in 1923, tennessee in 1925
922
what did william jennings bryan do
lawyer
923
what did john t scopes do
born in kentucky, emplyed by rhea county highschool in tennessee, highschool football coach that was a sub teacher and taught evolution in classroom and went to court for it, was fined $100 but then was removed because jury problem
924
who proposed the term darwinism
huxley in 1860
925
who was herbert spencer
polymatch, coined term survival of the fittest, identified with social darwinism
926
what is social darwinism
competition is a driving force for removing genetically inferior individuals from the population
