Evolution Final Flashcards
what is biological evolution
phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis
what is geological evolution
chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time
what are the time units in general for evolution
generally decades and centuries
what are the levels of phenotype
biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics
what a biochemical phenotype
ex. proteins, blood type
why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic
can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic
what does it mean for something to be heritable
parent passing genetic information to offspring
what are novel alleles
alleles that can manifest within a population
whats an example of genetic material undergoing change
novel alleles
whats an example where having dominant genes is bad
huntingtons disease
what are the dominance types
dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance
what are the modes of genetic expression
mendelian or non mendelian
what are the reproductive modes
sexual vs asexual
what level does biological evolution work at
population and species level
what is the defination of evolution at the biological level
change in genetic makeup over time
changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what
causes biological evolution
what is biological success
ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring
what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century
species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)
what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species
individual variation
what physical evidence exists to support evolution
fossils
what are the two types of evidence to support evolution
physical and circumstantial
what is circumstantial evidence
information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)
what is physical evidence
information that directly indicates changes in living organisms
what is the cosmic perspective
hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)
what did the big bang create and how long ago was it
14bya created universe
when and how was the solar system created
4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis
how long does it take to form a star
about 1 million years
what is the nebular hypothesis
gravitational attraction gas and dust particles
how long ago was the earth formed
4.5bya
what is the orientation of plants
planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields
what did compression of matter do to the earth
cause it to heat up
how many eons is earth history broken into
4
what is the first eon of earth history
haldean
what was haldean atmosphere like
very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane
what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon
venting of gasses into space
what was the surface of earth in haldean like
very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation
how hot was the surface of earth in haldean
230C
what are the 4 eons of earth
haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic
what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth
eukaryotic life and diversification of cells
when was life first found on earth
late haldean
when did vertebrates appear
end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic
when did oxygen peak in earth history
carboniferious
what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate
more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry
how did continental drift influence life
moving continents changed climate and moved species
how did climate change affect life
dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level
how was co2 in the atmosphere removed
by precipitation because it dissolves in water
who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution
rene lamark-not darwin
whats an example of circumstantial evolution
similaries in limb structure
what study did carroll and boyd do
soapberry bug study
what was in short the soapberry bug study
soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short
what is the soapberry bug an example of
physical evidence towards evolution
what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution
antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans
what is the role of fossils
gives evidence of past life on earth
how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue
mineralization
why is it better to have newer fossils
more likely to be able to extract DNA
how are fossils and rocks dated?
by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes
what can layers of rock strata tell you
relative age of sedimentation and weather
how do radioisotopes work
nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)
what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
how are periods divided within eras
around every 30-80million years
which eras have epochs
cenozoic and mesozoic
when are we currently living
Eon: phanerozoic
era: cenozoic
period: quaternary
epoch: holocene
who first emphasized the idea of extinction
georges cuvier
what did william clift do
law of succession (illustrator)
what is the law of succession
graded transition
what is punctuated equilibrium
rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates
what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence
vestigial organs
what are examples of vestigial organs
human coccyx and human arrector pili
what is homology
featured in different species have the same developmental source
what is the purpose of phylogeny
shows degree of relationness
what is an example of homology
different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)
what is adaptation
a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment
what is speciation
new species arises from a preexisting species
what drives sexual selection
female choice
what is natural selection linked with
adaptation and extinction
how do you evaluate changes in a population
hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics
how can environmental induction cause evolution
phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)
what is amonomorphic gene
one allelic type for a gene
what is polymorphic gene what is polymorphic gene
at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different
when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes
if mispairing happens in reproductive cells
what is altered when you change nucleotides
the codon message leading to phenotypic changes
how can a nucleotide change alter heritable phenotype
if the nucleotides are changed in reproductive cells (somatic cells dont matter for heritability)
what kind of substitution happens when a codon is changed
replacement substitution
where was a replacement substitution first noted
in sickle cell anemia (val for glu)
what are two casual ways for nucleotide changes to occur
replication errors, damaged sites
what are some ways for a nucleotide to be damaged
chemical mutagens and radiation
what are the types of changes happening when a nucleotide changes a codon
transition or transversion
what nucleotides are changed in transition
purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (AG or TC)
what nucleotides are changed in transversion
purine for pyrimidine (ACT or GCT)
what type of nucleotide change is more common
transition is more common than transversion
why is transversion less common than transition
transversion is easier to detect in proofreading ebcause it causes a conformational change to the DNA
which group has higher point mutation rates
sexually reproducing organisms have higher point mutation rates
the number of new alleles per individual should match the ____
mutation rate
what is the human mutation rate
1.6 per person (0.8 for sperm + 0.8 for egg)
machinery of DNA replication and repair are encoded by what
all are gene encoded proteins
what are the impacts of mutation to a species
mutations can be detrimental, but mutations are the source of individual variation
why can slight allelic variation help a population
can help population overcome change in environment so they can thrive
if you have a high mutation rate, what is your survival rate
low
how do new genes evolve
genes take on new functions and are evolved
how are new genes formed
gene duplication and unequal crossover
how does unequal crossover of genes work
loss of genes for one chromosome and gaining for the other chromosome (chromosomal alteration)
what is a chromosomal alteration
change in the morphology of chromosomes
what are some consequences of chromosomal alteration
affect gene order and organization, produces duplication and deletions, inversions, polyploidy
what is a chromosomal inversion
break occurs in the chromosome and it flips and reanneals (chromosome attachment can get mixed up)
what is the nickname for genes that have been inverted
supergenes
what is polyploidy
change in number of chromosomes per set
what is polyploidy most common in
plants not animals ( thought it can happen in animals)
what are some animal examples of polyploidy
salamanders, frogs
when is viability in polyploidy low
when polyploid is crossed with normal ploidy
what is a consequence of polyploidy
can cause reproductive isolation
how can you assess genetic diversity
direct measurement of allelic and genotype frequency
what is a direct method for measuring geneti diversity
gel electrophoresis
what does genetic diversity allow for
evolution allows a change in allelic frequency over time
what percent of loci are polymorphic in a population
33-50%
what percent of loci in an individual are heterozygous
4-15%
is allelic variance more neutralist or selectrionist
neutralist
who had a big impact on Darwin as far as natural selection
Thomas Malthus
when was there interest in population dynamics
late 18th century, early 19th
what did malthus hypothesize
populations cannot maintain exponential growth indefinitely due to insufficient resources (geometric increase)
what are the three ideals made by Malthus
geometric increase, resource limitation, intrinsic regulatory mechanisms on population growth and size
the power of population is ___ than the power of earth to produce subsistence for man
greater
subsistence increases in what kind of manner
arithmetical
populations are held within resource limits by what
death rate an birth rate
what scientist came up with the same idea as Darwin on natural selection
Ernst Mayr
what did Mayr contribute to the idea of evolution
multigenerational perspecitive, genetic diversity, importance of environmental interactions
what is differential survival
survival based on different characteristics
what is something darwin underestimated in his evolution theory
the speed at which evolution occurs
what is intraspecific
within a population
what is interspecific
population interacting with environment or other populations
what is a population
group of individduals of the same species that interacts with one another in a given area
what are the three important characteristics for a population
number of individuals, density, biomass, age distribution, growth rate, distribution, genetic makeup
how do two populations interact with each other
competition, predatory prey interactions, symbiosis
what is natality
all reproductive means (asexual vs sexual)
what factors cause change in abundance
loss and gain
what is exponential growth
continuous population growth in an unlimited environment (assumes a perfect or unlimited environment)
what is the equation for exponential growth
dN/dt=rmaxN
how do you calculate the size of an exponentially growing population at any point in time
Nt=Noermaxt
how do you calculate the standing number in a population at any point in time
Nt=BT+IT-DT-ET
how do you calculate the number expected at a future time interval
deltaN=B+I-D-E
organisms that reproduce fast have a fast ___
genetic turnover
what is heroparous
reproduce multiple times in lifetime
what is semelparous
reproduce once then die
what can you have discrete population growth
non-overlapping genetations
what is the name of the figure for discrete population growth
stair stepping cycle
what is logistic population growth
limits in resources cause limits in population size (intraspecific factors)
what is the shape of the logistic population growth graph
sigmoid shaped
what factor is dealt with in logistic population growth
fudge factor
what is the logistic population growth equation
dN/dt=rmaxN((K-N)/K)
what is the key point of the logistic population growth equation
allows for changes in r
what is k
carrying capacity
what are the ideals of robert may
stoichastity between genetations, not everything has same reproducive output, not everything same same lifespan
what did PF Verhulst do
limitations on population growth, fixed resources, logistic growth equation
what did pearl study
extended verhulsts work in population genetics
what does the k value represent
stable number of individuals that can exist in an environment (carrying capacity)
birth and death rates are not always directly related with ___
population density
when will you have the best r value
moderate density
what are the consequences of interspecific interactions
mutualism, partism/predation, interspecific competition
what growth model does intraspecific competition follow
logistic growth model
when does competition between species occur
when there is a sharing of a resource that limits growth, survival, or reproduction of each species
what are examples of resources
food, water, light, space
who did competitive exclusion experiments
Gause
what was gause’s study on
3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct
3 species of paramecium, populations stable K when grown alone, when paired some species went extinct
p. aurelia has more efficient feeding
what is the competitive exclusion principle
two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist
what is resource partitioning
species using a limited resource in a different way
what kind of competition is inveigled with resource partitioning
interspecific
what are the two niche types
fundamental versus realized
what did connell look at
niche factors (distribution, survival, reproduction) of barnacles in scotland
what did peter and rosemary grant do
looked at competition in galapagos finches (beak size based on seed size)
what elements of competition are shown in the finch study done by Grant
interspecific competition, resource patitioning
what is a way to look at predator-prey relations
lotka-volterra models
what is the lotka volterra model equation
(dN)/(dt)=(rN)-(aNP)
N=number prey, P=number predators, r=population growth rate, a=capture efficiency
what is aNP
overall rate of prey removal
what happens when P=0
prey population grows exponentially
what is the equation for exploitation and population cycle
(dP/dt)=baNP-mP
m=mortality rate
b=efficiency with which prey are converted to predator offspring
what can prey do to avoid predation
behavioral or biochemical changes
what can predators do to gain prey
try to counteract prey advantages
what is the predatory arms race
prey and predators fighting to have the better advantage
what did Huffaker do
mite study with oranges and rubber balls (population cycles)
what contribution did Wallace have on Darwin
he stressed mutability of species
what evidence did darwin use for natural selection
artificial selection and natural examples of adaptations among species
what are darwins postulates
variable individuals, variation due to parents, survival of it fittest, reproduction of the fittest
whats a major example documenting darwins postulates
medium ground finches show phenotypic change over time that had no human intervention. phenotypic change was result of drought causing seeds to change in size
what did ernst mayr look at
vertebrate evolution
what did thomas huxley do
degree of gradualism, genetic inheritance and expression
who does natural selection act upon
individuals in the population
what does natural selection act upon
phenotype
is natural selection goal oriented (focusing on complexity or intelligence)
no
is natural selection predictable
yes
how is natural selection predictable
improved populations ability to deal with environment
what are the types of selection that have a favoured condition
stabilizing, directional, disruptive
what is stabilizing selection
intermediate phenotype has greatest fitness level
what is directional selection
change in env where previously less fit phenotype now has highest fitness level
what is disruptive selection
two or more phenotypes show equally high fitness levels so that polymorphism is supported in the population
what does the hardy weinberg equation predict
stability, models expected changes in a population over time
what does the hardy weinberg equation assume
no mutation, random mating, no genetic drift, no natural selection, NO EVOLUTION
what is the allele frequency equation
p+q=1
p+q+r=1
what is the genotype frequency equation
p2+2pq+q2=1 for diploid (change powers if other ploidy)
what is fitness (w)
contribution of each phenotype to the genetic makeup of the next generation
what is the highest fitness number
1.0
when would an organism have a fitness of 0
if they have lethal alleles that cause death
what is the best selection coefficient you can have (s)
0
how do you integrate fitness into hardy weinberg?
by using selection coefficient (sort of the reciprocal of fitness)
whats the selection coefficient of a highly fit organism
0
why can you not get rid of a recessive allele by natural selection alone
heterozygosity
what is the fitness of non-mendelian codominance
Aa=1-hs
AA=1
aa=1-s
does phenotypic plasticity exist
allele expression sensitivity to the environment may shape fitness
is natural selection equally operative throughout the environment
spatial differences, temporal differences
what is the model prediction for a stable population
frequency values for genotypes multipied by average population size to predict number of individuals for each genotype
what is the model prediction for a growing population
if s is low and growth is fast then number of individuals with disadvantaged phenotypes may increase
what is the model prediction for a declining population
absolute number decline for all phenotypes if r is sufficiently negative
what are the two types of selection directed towards heterozygotes
overdominance and underdominance
what is overdominance
w=1 s=0 heterozygotes favoured over dominant or recessive individuals
what is underdominance
w<1 s>0 heterozygote inferiority
what happens to alleles in overdominance
no extinction since heterozygotes favoured
what happens to alleles in underdominance
chance events can cause allelic extinction
what is frequency dependent selection
selection coefficient changes as a function of genotype frequency
what are the types of frequency dependent selection
negative or positive
what is negative frequency dependent selection
more rare phenotype in population is favoured
what is positive frequency dependent selection
more abundant phenotype is favoured
what was the example given in class on frequency dependent selection
elderflower orchid
what is the source of new alleles
mutation
introduction of new allele copies yield changes in _____
allele frequency
assume ___ mutation per 10,000 copies of a normal allele
1
what does migration allow for
movement of alleles to different populations
what example was used in class for allele migration
lake erie water snakes
what changed between two populations of lake erie water snakes
their colour morphs (melanistic vs not)
why is one colour morph in lake erie water snakes favoured over the other
predation, blending into setting, rocky versus sandy shore
what are random components of evolution
mutation, environmental changes, migration, random genetic drift
what is a process that changes evolution randomly
random genetic drift
what are key factors to the random genetic drift
chance events, population size, opportunity for inbreeding
what does longterm genetic drift lead to
reduced genetic diversity
is the success of alleles over time related to their survival value (fitness)
no
what is an example of allelic segregation
meiosis producing ova and sperm
what is sampling error
source of change in a population
random genetic drift can lead to
reduction in variabiity in a population
what makes genetic drift most likely
small population
are individuals subject to natural selection in the bottleneck effect
no
what is bottle neck effect
major reduction in survival (due to env seq causing large number indv die off)
what does bottleneck effect lead to
change in allelic abundances
what is the founder effect a reduction of
genetic diversity
what is the founder effect
formation of a new geologic population
what is jump dispersal
indv displaces from main pop over a long distance (often islands)
what is the founder effect driven by
chance dynamics
what is founder effect driven by
normal dynamics of dispersal
what is vigility
ability to cover long distances
what organisms most use jump dispersal
those with vigility (flying animals)
what are chance dynamics
outcome isnt fixed with any specific group
what are two mitigating factors
chance dynamics and colonization
what is colonization
allelic representation isnt representative of main population
what are reproductive encounters driven by
proximity and population size
whats the formula for any individual in a randomly mating population
F=1/(2N)
how can you increase the decline in heterozygosity
by having a smaller population
what can disrupt a decline in heterozygosity
migration
what was sonya cleggs work on
microsatellite DNA in silvereye birds
what is microsatellite DNA
highly repetitive non coding DNA
when would you use microsatellite DNA
systematic studies
TA TATA TATATA TATATATA TATATATATA TATATATATATA
mono nucleotide repeat di tri tetra penta minisatellite DNA
what disease deals with microsatellite DNA
huntingtons disease
huntingtons disease
australia and new zealand
what effect is seen in cleggs silvereye work
founder effect and genetic drift
what are the long term outcomes of random genetic drift
alleles drift toward fixation or loss, there is a loss of H, these outcomes assume no NS migration mutation
what is another name for sexual selection
assortative mating
what is mate choice based on in sexual selection
phenotypic features (visual, olfactory, auditory)
who initially recognized sexual selection
charles darwin
what is the more common directionality in sexual selection
female choice for males
sexual selection has parallel dynamics to what
natural selection
what is one critical dynamic in sexual selection
parental investment
what is parental investment
both sexes have an investment in their offspring
what is the genetic contribution in sexual selection
generally equal between sexes
what is the energetic contribution in sexual selection
much greater on the part of the female
ova, hatching, after care
a females reproductive success is tightly tied to what
the fitness of her mate (time and energy cost)
what are the 4 match schemes
monogamous, polygyny, polyandry, promiscuity
what is monogramy
one mate per individual with common joint care
what is polygyny
male mates with many females
what is polyandry
female mates with multiple males with male caring for offspring
what is promiscuity
multiple mates in one season for both sexes with no care being common
where is monogamy most common
birds and some fish and a few mammals
what is a group of females that a male may guard
harem
what is sexual dimorphism
phenotypic differences between sexes
what are the two types of sexual dimorphism
attractiveness and territorial defense
what are examples of attractiveness in sexual dimorphism
colouration, adornment, vocalization, courtship behaviors
what are examples of territorial defense in sexual dimorphism
size, strength, speed
what does the handicap principle counterbalance with
natural selection
whats is the handicap principle
excessive energetic cost and diminished defense
why does territoriality happen in intrasexual selection
males are territorial over females or a habitat so females can be well nested
where is polygyny territoriality popular
in lizards and mammals
size strength intelligence
what are the formats for intrasexual selection
sperm competition, infantcide, territoriality
what is sperm competition
multiple closely spaces mating by female or spermatozoan release is affected by presence of another suitor
what is infantcide
males killing rival offspring or competitors raiding nests
what did we look at for the gray treefrog
mate choice driven by female choice
what is kin selection
help to benefit members of pop that youre related to
what are the possible outcomes of kin selection
cooperative, altruistic, selfish, spiteful
who benefits from cooperativity
actor and recipient
who benefits from altruistic
recipient only
who benefits from selfish
actor only
who benefits from spiteful
none
what did hamilton propose
inclusive fitness in support of altruism
what is a key driving dynamic to sociality
kin selection
what are the three keys to eusociality
overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, nonreproductive castes
what groups is eusociality common in
formicidae, apidae, vespidae
how is communication done in eusocial animals
pheromones, tactile signals, visual ques
what is the r value of full siblings
0.5
what is the r value of cousins
0.125
what is hamiltons rule for altruistic allele
Br-C>0 (B is benefit to recipient, C is cost to actor)
what led to complex ant and bee colonies
kin selection
all ___ are eusocial
ants
most ____ are eusocial
bees (apidae)
what did hamilton propose is key to eusociality
haplodiploidy (XY ZW)
whats a mammal that shows eusociality
naked mole rats
what phenotypic change involves features that improve fitness
Adaptions
do adaptions happen to an ind. or a population
ind.
what type of organisms adapt with group fitness
eusocial
what are adaptions generally shaped by
environmental (Predation, competition) (abiotic)
what aspects of an organism may be enhanced with an adaption to enhance fitness
any (biochemical, physiology, behavior, life history)
how many genes are altered during adaptions
single gene to multiple genes
what organism did we study that had physical and behavioral changes to “stride on water”
water strider
what is critical for a population in order to have NS occur
genetic variation
What is a limitation in maximizing fitness
Biophysical
What is it referred to when you get really good at living in cold environments, but you cant live in warm environments
trade offs
what are three types of adaptive trade offs
energy cost
compromise of fitness for other selection pressures
loss of competitiveness
what fish occupies shallow marine waters where temp is -1.9
antantic notothenid
what protein did the notothenid fish add to adapt to the cold temps
AFGP (stops crystal growth)
what is the cTmax temp of notothenid fish where protein denaturation occurs
5 to 10 C
why do notothenids have a low solute concentration
evolves from fresh water
boney fish are thought to have ________ body fluids (solute concentration compared to sea water)
hypo osmotic
what temp does sea water freeze at
-1.86
what is the freezing point of boney fish
-.7 to -.8 C
what protein gave raise to AFGP
Trypsin
what AA sequence attaches to the ice
Ala Ala Thr
when did the boney fish evolve AFGP
30 MYA
what is it referred to when evolutionary changes in one species influence selection pressures acting on another species
coevolution
coevolution produced more effective __________ __ _________ _____________ in cooperating species
facultative to obligatory mutualism
what example did we go over that had to evolve mutualist responces to eat wood
termites
coevolution produces _________ __________ among interspecific comeptitiors
resource partitioning
what is an example of resource partitioning
finches
what is it referred to when there is coevolution between predators and preys or parasitism or herbivory
arms race
what is the hypothesis in coevolution where each organism is separately enhancing its advantage generating new selection pressures on alternate species
Red queen hypothesis
where was the red queen hypothesis derived from
Alice and Wonderland (we don’t need to know this)
what is the red queen hypothesis
if a prey improves, the predator will improve, then the prey will improve again….. and so on and so fourth
who came up with the red queen hypothesis
Leigh Van Valen
what was the example randy-jack thought was cool for the “arms race”
Newts
what does cryptic mean
camouflage
for the newt example, what was the newt genus
Taricha
what did the newt develop high levels of
TTX-texrodotoxin
what type of poison is TTX
blocks NA channels ( nerve and muscle impairment)
what did the garder snakes develop in order to keep eating the newts (red eft)
resistance to TTX
what did the newts evolve to survive
increased their ability to produce TTX
what is it referred to when ALL members of a population show common morphological bright coloration to show predators they are dangerous
aposematic coloration
what is it referred to when the environment alters gene expression
phenotypic plasticity
the ability to go through phenotypic plasticity is an __________, doing the change is not an _________
adaption
adaption
what type of phenotypic plasticity has continuous changes
continuous plasticity
What is an example of continuous plasticity
tanning, or membrane fluidity
what type of phenotypic plasticity has large-scale changes “on- off switch”
polyphenism
what is an example of polyphenism
locust migratory phase
what is the genus species name of the locust
schistocerca gregaria
what caused the physiological, morphological, and behavioral trait changes in the locust
over crowding… so toxic food
when locust eat toxic food what is the color change referred as
aposematism
who realize that the aposematism of the locust cause less prediction
G. Sowrd
what is the key to induce the migratory phase in locust
hormones
what phenotypic plasticity event is induced during the formative period of the organism and is very common in plants
developmental response
what animals were examples of the dev. response
snails and tadpoles
is the developmental response reversible
what is an example of the developmental response
no
plants…. they have roots that grow into poor nutrients, (while in formative period it was helpful, but because it is irreversible…they struggle as adults)
what was lamarks idea
He believed that an organism would adapt to its environment( not randomly)..
what involves a change in phenotype due to exposer to a specific environment
acclimation
is acclimation reversible
yes
how long does an acclimation take to occur and how long does it last
hours
days to weeks
what example did we go over for acclimation
ectothermic metabolism response to temp change
when there is a change in temperature, what is altered in ectotherms in regards to metabolism
kinetic energy and then thermal induced enzyme change
what is it referred to when there is an acclimation response to metabolism
metabolic composition
as temp goes up, what happens to cellular respiration rate
raises
what type of composition event is it when animals hibernate
Inverse (paradoxical)
where does metabolism rates go to when hibernation
drops below acute response (normal effect of temp)
what is it referred to when metabolism returnes to the level of previous acclimation temp
complete composition
what is it called when an organism can have a complete metabolic composition
homeometabolic
how does the animal return the metabolic rate
increase enzymes
what is a group of tightly bound collective where genetic makeup is nearly identical among the colony members and a few ind. ever get to reproduce
eusocial
what is an example of colony species
Physalia (hydrozoa)
how does Physalis live in a colony
lives as morphological distinct forms that acts together in feeding and defence
one of the three polyp forms is called what
zooid
what two reasons make plants that live in a colony a problem
same genetic
connected underground
what plants are connected underground, how do ecologist define ind.
each shoot
who emphasized symbiosis is very important in evolution
Lynn Margulis
what did Margulis study
microorganism that were ubiquitous
how large is the pando tree
106 acres (40,000 shoots)
who came up with the species concept in animals (verts)
Mayr
what three features are used to define a species (verts)
common descent
reproductive community
niche
what is the species concept that is defined by early taxonomists
typological
in the typological species concept, could species change
no
what would taxonomist look at when defining a species
morphology
what made darwin so successful in evolution
population thinking and ind variation
who proposed the biological species concept
theodosius Dobzhansky and Mayr
what are the two keys to biological species concept
niche
reproduction isolation
what does reproductive isolation minimize
hybridization
what two areas does the biological species concept ignore
asexual organism
hybridizartion
in the biological species concept it does not account foe animals that have change in genetic makeup over time…. what is this referred to as
temporal dimension
who proposed the evolution species concept
George gaylord simpson
what did the evolutionary species concept bring about
a species can give raise to a new species
does evo species concept work on both sexual and asexual
yes
what approach does the evo species concept take
ecological
what is the species concept where an irreducible grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from other groupings has similar parental patterns
phylogenetic species concept
what is the first thing you need for a new species
ancestral species
what must happen to groups in the ancestral species to have a speciation event
genetic isolation (different gene pools)
this is defined as how easily an organism can move around
vagility
where there is a lot of gene flow between populations can speciation occur
no
what can alter genetic isolate (3) Large scale
geology
biology
history
if speciation starts to occur, but then some gene flow occurs, what happens
speciation stops
what is the isolation model when a barrier is created and gene flow is largely eliminated
allopatric
what is a common example of allopatric speciation
founder effect
where is the example of allopatric speciation
Arizona and desertification
once allopatric speciation occurs what evolution mechanisms acts on the species
NS, SS, RGD, and mutations
which isolated gene pool may entail a secondary contact before completion
parapartric
which isolation gene pool is most challenging and resolved with NS, RGD, and SS
Sympatric
what are two common occurrences that can cause an allopatric speciation
climate change and geographic separation (last week)
what group of animals are often seen with allopatric speciation
verts (last week)
when reproductive isolation occurs and the environments are different what may change for an organism
ecological niche
what leads to less viable offspring
interbreeding
what is an inviable offspring where matings are considered wasted
post zygotic isolation
what is it considered when you have a behavioral or morphological difference that is not a wasted effort
pre zygotic isolation
what is a common reason interbreeding can occur between two species
simular niches
if there is viable offspring from interbreeding, what common occurrence can happen
gene flow
when interbreeding occurs can a new niche form
yes
what is it referred to when hybrids act as a bridge for gene flow
Introgression
what is a offspring from interbreeding that may have an intermediate phenotype
hybrid
what two outcomes can hybrids have
new niche
interact with parental forms
what is an example of a hybrid that became its own species
audubon warbler
what is it referred to when hybrids interact with parental forms
introgressive hybridization
what are two examples of introgressive breeding
Hares and iberian Peninsula
what genus of bird had a hybrid around califorina and two different parental forms, one in canada and two in mexico
setophaga
what three birds make up S. auduboni
nigiforms goldmandi and coronata
what event caused S. auduboni to come about
hybridization
what was the hare genus in the introgressive hybridization
Lepus
What are the two main species of Lepus in Eurasia
timid and europaeaeus
where there is overlap in eurasia, what speciation event caused hybridization
Paraparetic speciation
what type of separation is it when a species separates but is in the same geographic area
sympatric speciation
Spain was our main focus for Lepus, what did they used to measure the relatedness
mitochondrial DNA
why was mitochondrial DNA used
Material, always passed on, and no crossover
what three species of leprus live in spain
Granatenis, europus, castviejoi
what leprus addition was made in mitochondrial dan
timidus
what did erupopus hybridize with
timidius and granidensis
why is the timidius mitochondrial DNA so far from the original
Hybridization that kept happening and moving down
what percent of neanderthal DNA is also in humans
1 to 3
what two models achieve sympatric separation
single step genetic alteration
disruptive selection
what is an altered genetic background such that viability with the original gene pool is marked reduced (random)
single step genetic aulterations
what is it referred to when NS favors polymorphism
disruptive selection
who said gene flow with sympatric speciation is too high to allow divergence
Mayr
what is it referred to when the gametes do not experience loss of chromosomes during either first or second meiotic division
meiotic non disjunction
when a chromosome that went through meiotic nondisjunction joins with a normal gamete, what type of offspring will you generate
triploid
what is the result of a second round of nondisjunction of a triploid paired with a haploid gamete
tetraploid
what happens when non-disjunctions events occur to both male and female gametes and they join together
tetraploid
what is it referred to when offspring viability is low with disparate (uncomparable) ploidy levels
rapid isolation
what is an example when non disjunction only involves a small portion of the chromosomal compliment
trisomy 21
who came up with the behavioral barrier for disruptive selection
john smith
what disruptive speciation event did we go over
frit flies
for eurosta solidaginis what plant species did females prefer to deposit ovideposits in
solidago altissima
what plant species did eurosta solidaginis prefer near lakes
Other, sorry guys I lost my headphones and couldn’t listen to the recording
what example did we look at where NS reduced hybridization
Rhagoletis pomonella
what did the rhagoletis pomonella use as its natural fruit
hawthorn
what plant did the rhagoletis pomonella switch to
apples, and pairs
how do the females in rhagoletis pomonella select fruit
where they grew up
what is the pre zygotic event where species have a different timing for breeding
temporal
what pre zygotic event occurs when species occupy different apreas
spacial
What is the area of classification called
taxonomy
what do people use today instead of taxonomy
systematics
what is systemics
evolutionary relativeness
how many species are named
1 million
how many plants are there
220,000
how many fungi
44,000
how many bacteria
11,000
who did the study in 2011 on the trend analysis of real life biological diversity on earth
Mora
what year did the bio diversity of art start
1750’s
Moras experiment skipped what type of systematics
Kingdom
what is the taxonomic hierarchical system order
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Who started classification
Linnaeus
what change did each charge see as you went from one to the next
not as steep at beginning
each one dampened out a little more
what happened to the phylum graph 120 years ago
saturated out (enzyme kinetic graph)
are we approaching the saturation level for species
no
how many species would Moras study show
2 million
the taxonomic level versus amount shows what relationship
linear
what was linnaeus job before systematics
botanist
what group has the most amount of species
Insects (1million)
where are the Mammals on the amount of species graph
Middle
why are there so many insects
how they exploit their environment
what is evolution based on
ecological changes
do insects see the world in a narrow or broad spectrum
narrow
what are we on the scheme of life
sea cucumbers (we probably don’t need to know this)
how did Linnaeus classify species
morphology
what book did Linnaeus publish his work
Systema Nature
what all did he use to classify animals
kingdom, orders, genera, and species
what were the three original kingdoms
animals
vegetables
minerals
what were the 6 original classes of animals
mammals aves- (included reptiles) amphibia Pisces Insecta- ew (included spiders) Vermes (worms) - ew
what is the name of animal groups at each rank in the hierarchy
taxon
can taxons be broken down
yes, (superorder, subclass…. and so on)
what is the major goal of systematics
infer an evolutionary tree that relates all extend the extinct species
how is the goal accomplished
studying the organismal features formally called characters that vary among species
what is any feature used to study variation within and among species
Characters
what tree things are used when identifying
chromosomal, morphological, molecular features
why are genes complicated when joining systematics
polypheniesm
how do you reconstruct phylogeny
which variant form of each character occurred in the most common ancestor
what is the character that the oldest ancestor would have
ancestral trait
do traits stay
no
what are characters that arise
derived character states
what is an ancestral trait for hominids
bipedalism
what is a derived character state of hominids
brains
this device connects organisms based on levels of measured relatedness
phylogenetic trees
what three things are used to make a phylogenetic tree
current morphology
genetic makeup
paleontological record
who innovated the phylogenetic tree
Darwin
what is the area of the tree that represents the immediate lineage of the most recent ancestor
root
what three things do trees show
time (left to right or bottom to top)
made from key ancestral characters and subsequent mod.
derived characters are used to indicate other divergences
what is also called taxi metrics
Phenetics
who made phenetics
Sokal
what did sokal do
equal weighting on levels of animals
levels of simularies
who did a phonetic approach on plants in 1763
adanson
what is another name for ancestral traits
pleisomorphy
what is another name for derived traits
apomorphies
do you look at a lot or a little amount of characters for phenetics
a lot
what two complications do phonetics have
convergent evolution and adaptive radiation
similarities that arise after divergence
what is an example of convergent evolution
two unrelated species dev. similar traits
dessert animals
who defines the difference between homologous and analogous
Owens
what is an example of analogous
insect wing and bird wing
what are shared characters because of convergent evo
homoplasy
what is a character present due to common ancestry
synapomorphy
what is a derived character found in all members following a diverging point
Apomorphy
what is a more common way to study analysis
cladistics
what study do they look at key premise revolves around characters presence through the history of a group
Cladistics
what is another name for cladistics
phylogenetic systematics
who coined the name cladistics
Hennig
what has a greater weight in cladistics, ancestral or derived traits
ancestral
what are derived traits used in cladistics
divergent events
why are paleontological record invaluable in cladistics
most destroyed
what is used for cladistics
breadth of occurrence
what is the parsimony approach
simplest cladogram
what is the problem with the parsimony approach
mother nature does not always follow
how are the cladograms made in parsimony
computer program
most noteworthy fossils are what size
mm
who came up with the notion of gradualism
darwin
what is gradualism
measurable or changeable and moment in a species
slow changes
who game up with uniformitarianism
lyell
what is uniformitarianism
the theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
what did fossil findings in the 18th and 19th century show
different life forms excited in the past
who discovered extinction
cuvier
who introduced paleontology
henri Marie Duritay de Blanhiville
what did gould and eldrige propose
punctuated equilibrium
what is punctuated equilibrium
gradual changes followed by abrupt changes followed by slow changes
what is the most common cause for mass extinction
climate change
what three notions did paleontology bring to evo
gradualism,
punctuated equilibrium
mass extinctions
what tree former does paleobio focus on
nature and life form
specific time
interaction
what are some specialized paleontology and bio combos
paleobotany, paleoecology
what are the two main types of fossils
body or trace
do most body fossils stay articulated
no
what are the two main reasons fossils are destroyed
weathering or metamorphic processes
how many animal phyla have no recorded fossils remains (fraction amount)
2/3
what part of the body is most likely to be reserved
hard (bone, shell, or cartilage)
what is an exception where soft body parts are preserved
Lagerstattle
how is a common way specimens are buried in anoxic sediment (type of lagerstattle)
landslides or storms
what is an example of a trace fossil
tracks
why are anoxic area crucial for lagerstatle
no O2 helps preserve
what is a new finding in fossil
proteins and DNA
what is the most famous fossil of early animal life from cambarian
Burgess Shall
what is important about the cambarian
most animal origin
how are fossils created
diagenesis
what is diagenesis
original organic material is replaced by surrounding minerals
what can happen during diagenesis (problem)
recrystallization
what is it considered when material is pressed into sediment and marks and impression, chemicals are replaced by minerals
adpression
what is it called when organism is buried by sediment with little decay (anoxic)- internal spaces fill with mineral rich water
per mineralization
with CAT scans what can be seen with a fossil that was permineraliated
internal organs
when was the ediacaran around
precambrian
what is the ediacara biota
don’t know if its an animal
when was the precambrian
600 to 540 MYA
what Eon is the precambrian
Proterozoic
were the animals in the ediacaran period multi cellular
yes
when did animals arise
700MYA
when were communities first present
575MYA
what happened 575 MYA ______ Explosion
Avalon explosion
what animal that is still around was around in the edicara biota
sponges (spiracles)
cnidarian (superficial)
what kingdom was present in edicara biota
Vendozoa
do (superficial) groups in this ediacara biota resemble later groups
yes
what group was the kimberella from
monoplacaphorans —- mollask phylum
when was the Cambrian explosion
542 MYA
what eon and era was the cambarian
Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic Era
what was the sudden divergence called- coined by darwin but against NS
rapid diversification
what was the main problem in the
molecular data places major diversification back to 800MYA (animals were changing faster then molecular data shows)
what phylum showed up in the Cambrian (trilobites)
arthropods
where did most diversification occur
shallow marine waters
what three major body plans showed up during the Cambrian explosion
bilateral
metamerism
cephalization
what did bilateral symmetry lead to
better mobility and cephalization
what does better mobility lead to
better explosion of environment
what happened in result to the new body plans
new niches
what is the fusion of segments (in metamerism)
tagmosis
what happens after mass extinctions
many now niches
what did tagmosis give raise to
large regions like head
what are three major environmental changes during cambarian explosion
ice ages ending
calcium rose
oxygen rose
what is the benefit to calcium raising
bone
when did O2 levels begin to raise
proterzoic era
when did the world have the most O2
carboniferous
what two processes happens that are in conjunction to extinction
stochastic dynamic
low population numbers
what two type of events can cause changes in population size
abiotic and biotic
when there is a change in the environment, what is a key earn an organism cant adapt
loss of genetic variability
what species to species interactions can occur that may lead to extinction
competitors, predators and pathogens
what change in the environment can lead to extinction
physical
are extinctions always occurring
yes
what are background extinctions
when a species can’t sustain life with changes in climate
who noted that extinctions are always occurring through geological history (with different taxonomic groups over different geological time lines the general relationship held up)
Van -valen (also red queen)
what did divergence give raise to
new forms, not accommodations
do short climat changes cause extinctions or long changes
long
how long do species generally last
few millions
how ling do genera last
10s of millions
what are the five mass extinctions during the phenerozoic
ordovician, devoniana, permian, trassi, creataceous
is it easy to tell how many species when extinct during a mass extinction
nope
what was the smallest mass extinction, only losing 20%
cretaceous
what was the larges mass extinction and lost about 90%
permian
what are mass extinctions followed by
radiation of other groups ( adaptive radiation)
what group grew after permian extinction
mammals
why was the Cretaceous so important
lost important groups
who proposed that the end in cretaceous was from an astroid event
alvarez and alvarez
what was found in the K-t boundary, showing an extinction from an astroid
iridium
where was the creator left from the cretaceous extinction
gulf of mexico
what type of dating was used for the gulf of mexico creator
Chicxulub
what two reasons cause extinctions
destruction and climate change
who did the proposal of nemesis
raup and sepkoski
what is the proposal of nemesis
large scale extinction every 26 to 27 million years from astroid
what causes the change that alters the astroid belt orbital patterns
dwarf star near pluto
what did the astroid cause after impact
many years of photosynthesis not working, cause many groups to die
what event cause the major change in the triassic
volcano and climate change
who introduced the gradualism
Darwin
what is a slow but continuous process
gradualism
what is a slow divergence of a lineage
anagenesis
what drove the fire point for the gradualism
hutton and lyell with uniformitarianism
what was darwin belief in genetics
blending
what modern changes are seen on the course scale in many lineages
gradualism
what is a common example of gradualism
horse
what was a belief before darwinkhat evolution occurred in sudden large scale changes
heterogenesis
what is another term for heterogeneous
saltationism
who came up with the hopeful monster
goldschmidt
what is a hopeful mosnster
changes that would randomly occur and hopeful be successful
who later refined heterogeneous into quantum evolution
Simpson
why did geneticists believe in heterogenesis
rapid mutations that were fostered by environmental stress and chromosomal abnormalities
what is an example of chromosomal abnormalities
diploid and tetraploid gray tree frogs
who proposed the punctuated equilibrium
eldrege and gould
that did punctuated equilibrium show
long periods of stasis followed by little evo changes and then a period of raid geologically divergence with in a lineage
what speciation model did punctuated equilibrium follow
allopatric
when did predecessors to mammals arise and what were they
275 MYA
therapsids
what two groups endured the late trassic extinction
cynodonts and dicynodonts
what are the four characteristics to the therapsids
appendages directly beneath body
temporal fenestra larger than in reptile body
differentiated dentition single ear ossicle
what was an added feature in therapsids
endothermy
what extensive feature showed endothermy
nasal conchae (like birds and mammals)
what patterns did therapsids show similar to modern mammels
fibro-lamellar
what interspecific relationship occurred in triassic
predator prey
this eon takes in the last 500+ million years
phanerozoic
this geological period is the earliest individually designated period and it begins a little more than 540 million years ago
cambrian
what is it meant when a gene is describes as being polymiorphic
has at least 2 alleles
what alteration in the environment in florida caused a change in the mouth part structure for some populations of soapberry bugs during the past 80 years
change in fruit skin making then go from balloon fruit to golden rain fruit
give a noteworthy technique used to date fossils in relation to the present day timeline
radioisotopes
this outcome of evolution renders a population better able to cope with an environmental factor that is acting on the survival of its members
adaptation
what mechanism of evolution specificall accounts for or causes the outcome of adaptation
natural selection
this mechanism of evolution results from the action of chance events
random genetic drift
what kind of environmental condition will favour strains that have intrinsically high mutation rates
rapid changing environment
give the general range of loci that are thought to be polymorphic within an individual
4-15%
this 18/19 century theologian did pioneering work describing the dynamics and consequences of population growth
malthus
give the formula used to compare r values
birth rate-death rate
what premisedestinguishes the allee effect from traditional population growth models
low r at low density
what growth limiting parameter is introduced into the logistic growth equation vs the exponential growth equation
carrying capacity
for competition to occur this feature must exist with regard to an environmental resource
limited abundance
who is credited with developing the competitive exclusion principle
gause
give the letter symbol used to designate the selection coefficient of a phenotype and the standard value that is assigned to the most fitness phenotype for a trait
s=0
give the complete equation for genotype frequencies when selection is acting on the q phenotype in a mendelian scheme with q being recessive
p^2+2pq+q^2(1-s)=1
what change happened in the morphology of Geospiza fortis regaring its ability to feed during a drought in the galapagos islands
increased beak size
give the last name of the researchers who observed beak size change in galapagos birds
grant and grant
state three critical assumptions that must be met for genotype frequencies to meet a hardy-weinberg equilibrium based on a known allele frequency distribution
no natural selection, no migration, no genetic drift
what birds did sonya clegg study to demonstrate founder effect events
silvereye birds
what genetic components did clegg use to guage the level of divergence among bird populations in the south pacific
microsatellite dna
who is credited with first identifying the existence of sexual selection
darwin
give two broadly occurring examples where female animals have a greater immediaate investment in the reproduction process than do their male mates
costly ova, housing unborn young
what morphological feature in male Gelada baboons primarily signals their fitness to female conspecifics
red chest patch
describe one of the three color patterns seen in male side blotches lizards and the specific behaviour pattern associated with this morph
blue lizards are cooperative
this term is used for breeding area where males aggregate in order to attract and court female conspecifics
lek
this mating system has a female mating with and guarding several male conspecifics
polyandry
what toxin is used by newts to defend against predators
tetrodotoxin (ttx)
this microbiologist emphasized that symbiotic interactions are criticl framework in the evolution of species
lynn margulis
what conditions trigger locust to switch to their migratory phenotype
overcowding
this type of phenotypic plasticity is common in plants and it occurs during a formative period
developmental response
give an example of where defining a single individual in a population can be difficult
clonal reproduction in plants
what benefit is offered to animals that undergo inverse compensation during a prolonged decline in body temperature
energy savings
describe an important feature about many organisms that renders the biological species concept unworkable for them
many species reproduce asexually
this relatively modern scheme for evolution involves long periods of stasis where species show little evolutionary change followed by a period of rapid geologically divergence within a lineage that gives rise to a new species
punctuated equilibrium
name one of the two investigators credited with proposing punctuated equilibrium
gould
this model for evolutionary change was promoted by darwin
gradualism
what was the main evidence offered by alvarez and alvarez concerned the role of an asteroid in the main extinction event involcing the dinosaurs
iridium content
the end of this geological period saw the largest recorded mass extinction event of complex life
permian
this geological period showed the greatest diversity of animal life with the appearance of the most phyla
cambrian
give two major body plan changes that made the latter diversification from the cambrian possible
bilateral symmetry and metamerism
Where did Hominid evolution begin
Africa
What was the nature of the environment for hominid evolution
Savanna
What key feature was different for savannas during hominid evolution
more moisture, so more trees
what did two types of enviroment did savanna turn into
forest and desert
___________ shows us that appears to be the first step to human
Australopithecus
what type evolution is brain size as it arose in human evolution
derived
what was the fundamental feature for the homo genus (arose with Australopithecus)
bipedal
why do we believe bipedalism arose
carrying food
and long distance
what else is important to australopithecus
social
what did australopithecus give raise to
Homo genus
what were some of the early groups of Homo
H. erectus
H. ergaster
what were later derived from the homo genus
H. neanderthal
H. sapiens
what percent DNA is in modern humans id neanderthal
1 to 3
when did homo sapiens arise and where
250,000 to 200,000
east africa
when did a. aferiancensis arise
6 to 7 MYA
what was the first fossils called
Tu lie –??? spelling
how old was the child fossils in afar (salom)
3.3 MYA (in sandstone)
where did the evolution
Afar, Ethiopia
what was found in the area where the child’s fossil was
volcanic activity
when were plants domesticated
10,000
when did cave art arise
20,000
when did they find Homo’s
1.3 MYA
what species was the baby? and Lucie
A. afirencsis
what came along with the babies skull
spine, knee cap, Tibia, shoulder blade
how did he discover how old the baby was and how old was she when she died?
adult teeth in CT scan ( 3 years old)
what helped conform lucy talked upright
hip, and femur and tibia articulation
what motion did lucys shoulder show about her
swing on trees
what was the valley in Afar like when A aferiencsis was around?
lakes, ain forest, grassy plains, woodlands
what did a aferiencsis look like
chimps
what else lived in the afar area
Hippo, antelope and other
as the forest shrunk, what was a trait that chimps dev?
bipedalism
what are some theories why we sand upright
stood up to see over tall grass,
stood up to cool
stood up to pick berries
saved energ
why did bipedalism help a aferiencsis
carry things and save energy
what is the difference between our bipedalism and chimps bipedalism
energy
when did humans and chimps last share a common ancestor
6 MYA
where did they find human ancestors in such an ancient place
northern Chad
how old was the salhapous ???????
6 MYa
what was found with the salhapous (area of body)
skull
what was used to reproduce the salhapous skull
3d printer
what are of the skull shows bipedalism
where the skull connects to the spine
what groups were also bipedal and had chimp like brains
orrorian, ———- (look up)
what is a key difference between human and chimp children
humans are children longer
by age three what percent of the brain was dev for salome
75%
what percent of the brain is developed for 3-year-old chimps
90%
what separate the vision structures from the neocortex in chimps
lunate sulcus
do humans have the lunate sulcus
not really, it is pushed back so the neocortex is expanded
when were tools discovered
2.5 MYA
who made first the tools?
Homo habilis
what were tools used for
breaking down animals to get to bone marrow
what anatomical change to the thumb helped shape better thumbs
broader bone
what was a skull addition to H. habilis showing a larger frontal region
forehead
how much did the brain grow from a. aferincis to H. habilus
doubled (800 cc)
what environmental changes did east africa see in 1million years
grass, to volcano, to lake, to desert, to lake
what algal component shows that the east africa valley was once a lake
diatoms
when the brain size flawed line what was happening to the weather
staying the same
when the brains starting increasing what was happening to the weather
cycling rapidly
what was the driving force to human evolution
our ability to how we can adapt to climate change
where was the first species found that was most similar to humans (homo erectus)
great with valley of east africa
what was so special about the Leekys finding (terkonavoi)
whole skeleton
what was the main different anatomical changes to H. erectus and us
smaller skull (brain area)
was tarkarnivoi full grown
no
what did the teeth of terconivoi show about the boy
8 years old
why is a prolonged child development helpful for humans
longer brain dev.
what size was the tercanavo brain
900cc
what causes a change on communication
—– area in brain
what was an innovative development H. erectus used
stone tools
what did tool making show about homo erectus
they could think ahead
what is the most negative aspect of large brains
requires a lot of energy
what did homo erectus add to their diet to supply more brain energy
meat
how did homo erectus kill animals that were bigger and stronger
endurance running
how can we find out how we lost out body hair
lice
what lice is more related to gorilla lice
pubic
how did they test human hair lice and human pubic lice relatedness
dna testing
based off of human lice, when did humans lose body hair
3MYA
how do most nominals lose body heat
panting
how do we lose most body heat
sweat
what did sweat lead to in the homo genus
more endurance
what did endurance running lead to
persistence hunting
what is it referred to when Homo erectus chased their prey and then once the prey sat down, they would chase it again and repeat until the animal is heat stroked
persistence hunting
what time of the day did homo erectus hunt
mid day
what did eating meat lead to
ability to use fire for cooking
what was a secondary advantage to fire
communication
what is special about human infants
hard wired to read emotions of others
what did they find on in the deminsi site
lower jaw
what did migrations most likely occur out of Africa based off the deminsi fossil
1.8MYA
what is the hobbit called
homo floriensis
how large id the hobbit brain
400 cc
what were primitive features to the hobbit
brain size and small
what might have gave raise to the hobbit
homo erectus
what was the driving force of the dispersal of homo erectus
climate change
what was the major find that homo erectus looked after one another
old skull with no teeth
how large was the first pop of humans
600
when humans moved to an area, what happened to the other hominids species
went extinct
what did they look at to see what neanderthals were like
child 100,000 years ago
where did homo sapiens first arise
homo erectus
what was the earliest to inhabit Europe
homo heidenbergeensis
what does the pith show
ceremonial burial
what was the first symbol ever found found at the pith (homo heidenbergensis)
excaliaber
what gave raise to neanderthals and us
homo heidenbergenesis
what did the teeth of the young boy show
how fast he was growing up
the jaw showed he was 11, but how old was he
8
what did the short childhood show
they had less time for brain dev
what was the major difference between the neanderthal brains and our brains (shape)
the bean was low and elongate
what areas of the brain were different then ours
parietal and temporal
what did neanderthals eat
meat (large game)
what does neanderthal tools show
they had to get close to their prey to kill it
how long did a neanderthal live
30 years
when did neanderthals vanish
25,000 year ago
when did humans arise
200,000
what anatomical changes did early humans have vs us
large brow bones
what happened to the earth 200,000 years a go
ice age and drought
what cause the loss of diversity in human DNA
bottle neck
where did the early humans have to live
cost and highlands
where was the pop of original homo sapiens
near the sea
what adaption did the coast move cause
prediction of moon cycles and change in stone tools
what advancement did we make to tools
larger variety
what was the first evidence of human symbolism
red orcha
what shells did they find with humans
holes for jewelry
when did we move out of africa
60,000 years ago
where did we meet neanderthals
middle east
what gene is identical to ours show neanderthals might be able to speak
foxp2
what does foxp2 help
motor skills for speech
where did foxp2 derive?
homo heidenbergensis
what does foxp2 show
heidenbergensis gave raise to us an neanderthals
what cause neanderthals to leave
we pushed them out
how much dna is in humans is neanderthals (average)
1 to 3 percent (interbreeding was a thing-ew)
what has the highest neanderthal DNA and what percent
2 to 4 in Europe
what has the least
asia
how much higher is endoterm vert metabolic rate versus ectotherm vert
10x
what is the evidence for endothermy in therapsids
nasal chonchae, fibro-lamellar pattern, predator prey ratios
what was the diverging line from cynodonts in the late triassic (225mya)
mammaliaformes
when was the crown group for mammalia separated
early jurassic (190mya)
what was notable about mammals in the age of dinosaurs
has a diverse mammalian fauna but they were not prominent predators or herbivores
what are the modern mammalian characteristics
temporal fenestra, endothermy, fibro-lamellar bone deposition, mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bones, neocortex
when does fossil record show hair
in amber 100mya and imprints 160mya
what was castrocauda lutrasimilis
early mammal that looked like a cross between a beaver and an otter
when did primate evolution begin
possibly in late cretaceous (55mya)
what is the species of oldes tprimate
archicebus achilles (55mya in eocene)
when did lagomorpha appear
late cretaceous
early forms of primates looked like what
arboreal and small bodied
what are the key features of early primates
large brain, stereoscopic vision, prehensile trails, opposable thumb, slow maturation time
how are conclusions on current life forms made
cellular layout, DNA as programming molecule, use of ATP based on ribose
the framework of life is microscopic and based on ____ so special challenges are posed
organic chemicals
how old are bacterial fossils found
3.5bya (cell walls distinguishable with EM)
what is monera
bacteria
how long ago was the origin of universe
big bang 13.8bya
when was the origin of solar system
4.6bya
what is the theory of origin of solar system
nebular hypothesis
what is nebular hypothesis
gravitational attraction gas and dust particles
how many years does it take a star to form
1 million years
when is the origin of earth
4.55bya
what is the theory for origin of earth
planets form along an accretion disk associated with rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields
how old are the oldest terrestrial rocks
4.3bya
when did atmosphere begin to be O2 rich
2.5bya
when is the hadean eon
4.5-4.0bya
what are the two theories for life starting on earth
abiogenesis and panspermia
what is abiogenesis
advanced chemical evolution led to first cells on earth
what are some factors for abiogenesis
affinity of organic molecules for each other, drying events making tidal pools, clay particles having charged surfaces facilitating molecular interactions
what is panspermia
microorganisms carried to a planet by incoming debris
who suggested panspermia
Kelvin, Arrhenius , etc
what kind of a process is chemical evolution on early earth
interwoven process involving concurrent changes
what are the chemical evolution things we looked at
stellar evolution, solar system dynamics, geological/atmospheric evolution
all extant life is thought to be traced to a common primordial life form–what is its name
LUCA (last universal common ancestor)
what is the fundamental nature of LUCA
cellular framwork, DNA was directing molecule, proteins did needed activities, horizontal transfer of DNA
what are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer
transformation, transduction, bacterial conjugation, gene transfer agents
what is transformation
uptake of foreign genetic material from env
what is transduction
virus moves DNA between bacteria
what is bacterial conjugation
transfer of a plasmid
what are gene transfer agents
virus like DNA in the rhodobacterrales
what is the best detailed evidence of cells
large array of paleontological material 2.5bya and younger showing prokaryotic cells (cyanobacteria)
what is the earliest evidence of cells
Knoll and barghoorn, wacey
what did knoll and barghoorn find
bacteria like cells 3.25bya with cell walls and cell division with measurable carbon content
what did wacey find
cells from 3.4bya with cells attached to pyrite compound suggesting a sulfur based oxidation reduction metabolism
how can molecular analysis of early divergences be used
compare similarities in DNA sequences
what did woese argue
ambiguities are created by horizontal gene transfer as seen with borrelia
who came up with the universal gene-exchange hypothesis
woese
what did early cellular life depend on
riboenzymes and proteins that functioned more independently
what is an example of communal dynamic existing with evolution
similarities like ATP use and codon framework
interdependent protein function led to what
integrated genomes that could exploid resources
does horizontal or vertical transfer favour natural selection
vertical
what was the ring of life hypothesis for
proposed divergence of the domains
who came up with the ring of life hypothesis
rivera and lake
what is the ring of life hypothesis
there is more total concordance in gene sequences between bacteria and yeast than between archaea and yeast
what does the ring of life hypothesis say on how eukaryotic cells formed
with fusion of archara cell and bacteria cell
what is the chronocyte hypothesis for
proposed divergence of the domains
who proposed the chronocyte hypothesis
Doolittle and others
what is the chronocyte hypothesis
eukarya began diverging first and the prokaryotes split into the bacteria and archaea at a later time
how can you infer chemical condition of prebiotic world
from oldest rock strata and observation of presumably less modified planets
what did miller/urey look at
different early atmospheric conditions, within 1 week there was glycine and alanine
stellar gas clouds can produce ___
organics
how were macromolecules made and kept
evaporation pools at shoreline, clays
how did evaporation pools make and keep macromolecules
partical drying of tidal pools concentrate organic monomers and facilitate polymerization events
how did clays make and keep macromolecules
charged surface of clays held monomers close togther facilitating polymerization
only ___ handed amino acids used
only ___ handed carbohydrates used
left
right
what was the guiding dynamic for making macromolecules
reaction stoichiometry
what kinds of macromolecules would have existed forever ago
lipid-like, proto-proteins, proto-nucleic acids
what did ferris experiment on
volcanic derived clays facilitating polymerization
what type of clay did ferris look at
montmorillonite
what did ferris’ RNA monomer experiments find
RNA monomers bound clayy surfaces and RNAs started forming with two days and with more varieties
what other molecule did ferris repeat his experiments with
amino acids and had similar results with clay binding
what is a riboenzyme
RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions
what is the gradualism model
species descent from a common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they acquire unique adaptations
what is the punctuated equilibrium model
a new species changes most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence
what genes are involced in body plan programming
homeobox and hox genes
what do homeobox genes do
imporant control functions
what do hox genes do
critical in body plan development on antereoposterior axis (establish body segment identity)
where do hedgehog genes program
development of body plan at dorsoventral axis
hox genes were first worked on in what animal
drosophila
what happened to fruit flies with abnormal alleles
legs in place of antennae and two pairs of wings instead of one pair
what was the elena, cooper lenski experiment
e.coli strain that doesnt exchange genetic material looking at mutations for cell size
what did bishop ussher do (1600s)
fixed a date to creation (life forms immutable)
what was the date of creation for bishop ussher
october 23 4004BC
what led to the disproval of usshers date for formation of earth
geology in the 18th-19th century
who were early contributors to geological earth history
hutton and charles lyell
erasmus darwin suggested biological evolution in his writings, who was erasmus
grandfather of charles darwin
what did lamarck suggest in early 1800’s
inheritance of acquired characteristics
when did wallace and darwin present their paper and where
july 1 1858 at the linnean society of london
who sponsored darwin and wallace paper
lyell
when was darwins book published
1859
what was the draft title for darwins book
on the mutability of species
how many copies first printed of darwins book
1250
when does survival of the fittest appear in darwins book
5th edition 1869
how much was the first edition of darwins book
30 pounds then, 100000 pounds now
who was the most vocal proponent for darwins book
huxley
alternative mechanisms emphasized from ___ to ___
1880 to 1930
what was the curch of england response to darwins book
opposed by traditionalist but liberal members supported notion as a model for divine action in natural
what was the unitarian church response to darwinsbook
supportive (his grandfather founded this church)
who encouraged publication of darwins book in usa
asa gray
who had the strongest negative response to darwins book
american evangelical and conservative denominations
what states and when did they ban teaching of eolutuon in public scjools
kentucky and south carolina in 1922, oklahoma d florida in 1923, tennessee in 1925
what did william jennings bryan do
lawyer
what did john t scopes do
born in kentucky, emplyed by rhea county highschool in tennessee, highschool football coach that was a sub teacher and taught evolution in classroom and went to court for it, was fined $100 but then was removed because jury problem
who proposed the term darwinism
huxley in 1860
who was herbert spencer
polymatch, coined term survival of the fittest, identified with social darwinism
what is social darwinism
competition is a driving force for removing genetically inferior individuals from the population
