Week 1 Flashcards by Miranda Hennessy

what is biological evolution

phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis

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what is geological evolution

chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time

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what are the time units in general for evolution

generally decades and centuries

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what are the levels of phenotype

biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics

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what a biochemical phenotype

ex. proteins, blood type

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why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic

can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic

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what does it mean for something to be heritable

parent passing genetic information to offspring

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what are novel alleles

alleles that can manifest within a population

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whats an example of genetic material undergoing change

novel alleles

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whats an example where having dominant genes is bad

huntingtons disease

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what are the dominance types

dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance

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what are the modes of genetic expression

mendelian or non mendelian

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what are the reproductive modes

sexual vs asexual

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what level does biological evolution work at

population and species level

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what is the defination of evolution at the biological level

change in genetic makeup over time

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changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what

causes biological evolution

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what is biological success

ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring

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what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century

species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)

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what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species

individual variation

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what physical evidence exists to support evolution

fossils

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what are the two types of evidence to support evolution

physical and circumstantial

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what is circumstantial evidence

information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)

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what is physical evidence

information that directly indicates changes in living organisms

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what is the cosmic perspective

hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)

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what did the big bang create and how long ago was it

14bya created universe

when and how was the solar system created

4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis

how long does it take to form a star

about 1 million years

what is the nebular hypothesis

gravitational attraction gas and dust particles

how long ago was the earth formed

4.5bya

what is the orientation of plants

planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields

what did compression of matter do to the earth

cause it to heat up

how many eons is earth history broken into

what is the first eon of earth history

haldean

what was haldean atmosphere like

very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane

what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon

venting of gasses into space

what was the surface of earth in haldean like

very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation

how hot was the surface of earth in haldean

230C

what are the 4 eons of earth

haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth

eukaryotic life and diversification of cells

when was life first found on earth

late haldean

when did vertebrates appear

end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic

when did oxygen peak in earth history

carboniferious

what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate

more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry

how did continental drift influence life

moving continents changed climate and moved species

how did climate change affect life

dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level

how was co2 in the atmosphere removed

by precipitation because it dissolves in water

who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution

rene lamark-not darwin

whats an example of circumstantial evolution

similaries in limb structure

what study did carroll and boyd do

soapberry bug study

what was in short the soapberry bug study

soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short

what is the soapberry bug an example of

physical evidence towards evolution

what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution

antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans

what is the role of fossils

gives evidence of past life on earth

how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue

mineralization

why is it better to have newer fossils

more likely to be able to extract DNA

how are fossils and rocks dated?

by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes

what can layers of rock strata tell you

relative age of sedimentation and weather

how do radioisotopes work

nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)

what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

how are periods divided within eras

around every 30-80million years

which eras have epochs

cenozoic and mesozoic

when are we currently living

Eon: phanerozoic era: cenozoic period: quaternary epoch: holocene

who first emphasized the idea of extinction

georges cuvier

what did william clift do

law of succession (illustrator)

what is the law of succession

graded transition

what is punctuated equilibrium

rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates

what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence

vestigial organs

what are examples of vestigial organs

human coccyx and human arrector pili

what is homology

featured in different species have the same developmental source

what is the purpose of phylogeny

shows degree of relationness

what is an example of homology

different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)

what is adaptation

a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment

what is speciation

new species arises from a preexisting species

what drives sexual selection

female choice

what is natural selection linked with

adaptation and extinction

how do you evaluate changes in a population

hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics

how can environmental induction cause evolution

phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)

what is amonomorphic gene

one allelic type for a gene

what is polymorphic gene

at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different

when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes

if mispairing happens in reproductive cells