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Evolution > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biological evolution

A

phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis

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2
Q

what is geological evolution

A

chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time

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3
Q

what are the time units in general for evolution

A

generally decades and centuries

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4
Q

what are the levels of phenotype

A

biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics

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5
Q

what a biochemical phenotype

A

ex. proteins, blood type

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6
Q

why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic

A

can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic

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7
Q

what does it mean for something to be heritable

A

parent passing genetic information to offspring

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8
Q

what are novel alleles

A

alleles that can manifest within a population

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9
Q

whats an example of genetic material undergoing change

A

novel alleles

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10
Q

whats an example where having dominant genes is bad

A

huntingtons disease

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11
Q

what are the dominance types

A

dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance

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12
Q

what are the modes of genetic expression

A

mendelian or non mendelian

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13
Q

what are the reproductive modes

A

sexual vs asexual

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14
Q

what level does biological evolution work at

A

population and species level

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15
Q

what is the defination of evolution at the biological level

A

change in genetic makeup over time

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16
Q

changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what

A

causes biological evolution

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17
Q

what is biological success

A

ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring

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18
Q

what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century

A

species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)

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19
Q

what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species

A

individual variation

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20
Q

what physical evidence exists to support evolution

A

fossils

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21
Q

what are the two types of evidence to support evolution

A

physical and circumstantial

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22
Q

what is circumstantial evidence

A

information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)

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23
Q

what is physical evidence

A

information that directly indicates changes in living organisms

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24
Q

what is the cosmic perspective

A

hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)

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25
Q

what did the big bang create and how long ago was it

A

14bya created universe

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26
Q

when and how was the solar system created

A

4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis

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27
Q

how long does it take to form a star

A

about 1 million years

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28
Q

what is the nebular hypothesis

A

gravitational attraction gas and dust particles

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29
Q

how long ago was the earth formed

A

4.5bya

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30
Q

what is the orientation of plants

A

planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields

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31
Q

what did compression of matter do to the earth

A

cause it to heat up

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32
Q

how many eons is earth history broken into

A

4

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33
Q

what is the first eon of earth history

A

haldean

34
Q

what was haldean atmosphere like

A

very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane

35
Q

what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon

A

venting of gasses into space

36
Q

what was the surface of earth in haldean like

A

very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation

37
Q

how hot was the surface of earth in haldean

A

230C

38
Q

what are the 4 eons of earth

A

haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

39
Q

what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth

A

eukaryotic life and diversification of cells

40
Q

when was life first found on earth

A

late haldean

41
Q

when did vertebrates appear

A

end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic

42
Q

when did oxygen peak in earth history

A

carboniferious

43
Q

what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate

A

more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry

44
Q

how did continental drift influence life

A

moving continents changed climate and moved species

45
Q

how did climate change affect life

A

dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level

46
Q

how was co2 in the atmosphere removed

A

by precipitation because it dissolves in water

47
Q

who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution

A

rene lamark-not darwin

48
Q

whats an example of circumstantial evolution

A

similaries in limb structure

49
Q

what study did carroll and boyd do

A

soapberry bug study

50
Q

what was in short the soapberry bug study

A

soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short

51
Q

what is the soapberry bug an example of

A

physical evidence towards evolution

52
Q

what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution

A

antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans

53
Q

what is the role of fossils

A

gives evidence of past life on earth

54
Q

how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue

A

mineralization

55
Q

why is it better to have newer fossils

A

more likely to be able to extract DNA

56
Q

how are fossils and rocks dated?

A

by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes

57
Q

what can layers of rock strata tell you

A

relative age of sedimentation and weather

58
Q

how do radioisotopes work

A

nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)

59
Q

what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon

A

paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

60
Q

how are periods divided within eras

A

around every 30-80million years

61
Q

which eras have epochs

A

cenozoic and mesozoic

62
Q

when are we currently living

A

Eon: phanerozoic

era: cenozoic
period: quaternary
epoch: holocene

63
Q

who first emphasized the idea of extinction

A

georges cuvier

64
Q

what did william clift do

A

law of succession (illustrator)

65
Q

what is the law of succession

A

graded transition

66
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates

67
Q

what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence

A

vestigial organs

68
Q

what are examples of vestigial organs

A

human coccyx and human arrector pili

69
Q

what is homology

A

featured in different species have the same developmental source

70
Q

what is the purpose of phylogeny

A

shows degree of relationness

71
Q

what is an example of homology

A

different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)

72
Q

what is adaptation

A

a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment

73
Q

what is speciation

A

new species arises from a preexisting species

74
Q

what drives sexual selection

A

female choice

75
Q

what is natural selection linked with

A

adaptation and extinction

76
Q

how do you evaluate changes in a population

A

hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics

77
Q

how can environmental induction cause evolution

A

phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)

78
Q

what is amonomorphic gene

A

one allelic type for a gene

79
Q

what is polymorphic gene

A

at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different

80
Q

when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes

A

if mispairing happens in reproductive cells

Evolution (6 decks)

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