Week 1 Flashcards
what is biological evolution
phenotypic change in a population or in a species at a multi generational basis
what is geological evolution
chemical or physical attributes of the earth changing over time
what are the time units in general for evolution
generally decades and centuries
what are the levels of phenotype
biochemical, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioral characteristics
what a biochemical phenotype
ex. proteins, blood type
why are behavioral characteristics phenotypic
can be programmed genetically making it phenotypic
what does it mean for something to be heritable
parent passing genetic information to offspring
what are novel alleles
alleles that can manifest within a population
whats an example of genetic material undergoing change
novel alleles
whats an example where having dominant genes is bad
huntingtons disease
what are the dominance types
dominant, codominant, incomplete dominance
what are the modes of genetic expression
mendelian or non mendelian
what are the reproductive modes
sexual vs asexual
what level does biological evolution work at
population and species level
what is the defination of evolution at the biological level
change in genetic makeup over time
changes in allele abundance in a population over time does what
causes biological evolution
what is biological success
ability to survive and produce reproductive offspring
what was the evolutionary view in the 18th century
species were immutable (biblical creation unable to change)
what was overlooked to uphold the idea of immutable species
individual variation
what physical evidence exists to support evolution
fossils
what are the two types of evidence to support evolution
physical and circumstantial
what is circumstantial evidence
information that is consistent with the overall process (something that can be assumed)
what is physical evidence
information that directly indicates changes in living organisms
what is the cosmic perspective
hypothesis on the way the earth was created (big bang->nebular hypothesis->origin of earth)
what did the big bang create and how long ago was it
14bya created universe
when and how was the solar system created
4.6bya by the nebular hypothesis
how long does it take to form a star
about 1 million years
what is the nebular hypothesis
gravitational attraction gas and dust particles
how long ago was the earth formed
4.5bya
what is the orientation of plants
planets form an acceleration disk associated with a rotating star, matter gravitationally attracts creating larger bodies with higher gravitational fields
what did compression of matter do to the earth
cause it to heat up
how many eons is earth history broken into
4
what is the first eon of earth history
haldean
what was haldean atmosphere like
very rich in carbon dioxide, with water vapour, ammonia, and methane
what helped decrease atmospheric pressure of earth in haldean eon
venting of gasses into space
what was the surface of earth in haldean like
very hot surface(but was cooling), volcanism, massive precipitation
how hot was the surface of earth in haldean
230C
what are the 4 eons of earth
haldean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic
what arose from the proterozoic eon of earth
eukaryotic life and diversification of cells
when was life first found on earth
late haldean
when did vertebrates appear
end of proterozoic, beginning of phanerozoic
when did oxygen peak in earth history
carboniferious
what are some events that allowed for life to proliferate
more oxygen, change in ocean circulation/chemistry
how did continental drift influence life
moving continents changed climate and moved species
how did climate change affect life
dry vs wet periods, hot vs cold, rising vs falling sea level
how was co2 in the atmosphere removed
by precipitation because it dissolves in water
who was one of the first to propose a model for evolution
rene lamark-not darwin
whats an example of circumstantial evolution
similaries in limb structure
what study did carroll and boyd do
soapberry bug study
what was in short the soapberry bug study
soapberry bugs fed on balloon fruit that had a thick skin, balloon vines removed, bug started eating the golden rain tree fruit, fruit was thinner so proboscis got shorter because it was better adapted for that fruit. insects that still have balloon vine have long, those who have golden rain have short
what is the soapberry bug an example of
physical evidence towards evolution
what are some other examples of physical evidence for evolution
antibiotic resistance in bacteria, rise in pesticide resistance in dipterans
what is the role of fossils
gives evidence of past life on earth
how can original chemical components be lost in fossilized bone or tissue
mineralization
why is it better to have newer fossils
more likely to be able to extract DNA
how are fossils and rocks dated?
by layering of rock strata or by radioisotopes
what can layers of rock strata tell you
relative age of sedimentation and weather
how do radioisotopes work
nuclear decay of isotopes (looking at their half life)
what are the 3 eras of the phanerozoic eon
paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic
how are periods divided within eras
around every 30-80million years
which eras have epochs
cenozoic and mesozoic
when are we currently living
Eon: phanerozoic
era: cenozoic
period: quaternary
epoch: holocene
who first emphasized the idea of extinction
georges cuvier
what did william clift do
law of succession (illustrator)
what is the law of succession
graded transition
what is punctuated equilibrium
rapid change (jumps) in evolution where you may not find intermediates
what is an evidence for circumstantial evidence
vestigial organs
what are examples of vestigial organs
human coccyx and human arrector pili
what is homology
featured in different species have the same developmental source
what is the purpose of phylogeny
shows degree of relationness
what is an example of homology
different arm components used for different functions (mammal: dolphin, bat, human)
what is adaptation
a population or species becomes better able to cope with its environment
what is speciation
new species arises from a preexisting species
what drives sexual selection
female choice
what is natural selection linked with
adaptation and extinction
how do you evaluate changes in a population
hardy weinberg equation for population dynamics
how can environmental induction cause evolution
phenotype changed after conception can be heritable (ex. tanning)
what is amonomorphic gene
one allelic type for a gene
what is polymorphic gene
at least 2 allele variances for a gene, the frequency of those alleles can be very different
when can a mispair of nucleotides cause heritable changes
if mispairing happens in reproductive cells
