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Biopsych > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons do we approximately have?

A

100 billion

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2
Q

What is the neuron network?

A

A huge network for communication and complex processing

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3
Q

How many neurons do we loose over time?

A

50%

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4
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Axons

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5
Q

What is the grey matter?

A

Pink oozy bloody part.

Cell bodies

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6
Q

How many neurons does the cerebrum have in it?

A

14 billion

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7
Q

How many neurons does the cerebellum have in it?

A

70 billion- mini brain that orchestrates the behaviours

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8
Q

Hind brain and brain stem and spinal cord- how many neurons?

A

1 billion neurons

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9
Q

What are the types of brain cells

A

Neurons-
Glial cell- astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells- line the CSF- filled ventricles (neurogenesis)
Microglia- remove dead or degenerating neurons or glia (phagocytosis)

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10
Q

What are neurons?

A 
Most have 4 main parts.
1- Soma (cell body)
2- Dendrites
3- Axon
4- Presynaptic terminals
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11
Q

What are axons and dendrites known as?

A

Neurites type II- sma

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12
Q

How can you classify neurons?

A

The number of Neurites (from cell body)
Their dendrites- how many and if they have spines or not
Their axon length- golgi type 1-long internuncial. Golgi type II- small interneurons
The neurotransmitter used by the neuron
Neuronal connections- primary sensory neurons or motor neurons

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13
Q

What is an internuncial neuron?

A

A neuron that goes from brain area 1 to brain area 2

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14
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

A neuron that stays within one brain area

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of neurites?

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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16
Q

How do they determine whether a neurite is a certain type of polar?

A

Defined by the number of neurites connected to the soma

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17
Q

What is a pyramidal cell?

A

If it is an apical dendrite it extends from the apex of the pyramidal cell soma.
If it is a basilar dendrite it connects to the base of the soma (not the axon)

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18
Q

How are neurons classified by Dendrites?

A 
Stellate (star shaped) vs Pyramidal (triangular)
Has spines (spinous) vs No spines (aspinous)
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19
Q

What are dendritic spines involved in?

A

Learning and memory

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20
Q

How do dendritic spines improve learning and memory?

A

There is more surface area so greater communication between neurons

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21
Q

What does dendritic trees change to aid?

A

Neuroadaptation

22
Q

What is the purpose of dendrites?

A

They are sources of information for the neuron. The more dendrites we have the more info the neuron receives.

23
Q

What is the difference between afferent vs Efferent neurons?

A

Afferent is to the connection (a for arrive)

Efferent is from the connection (e for exit)

24
Q

What are the 4 parts to a neuron?

A

Soma, dendrites, axons, pre synaptic terminal

25
Q

What does the phosopholipid bilayer?

A

The skin that keeps the cell intact.
Has two layers of phospholipid
Only certain chemicals can pass through the layer- the uncharged molecules can grow through, but charged molecules cant go through on their own. They have to go through the protein molecules

26
Q

Can uncharged molecules (ions) go through the layer?

A

Yes

27
Q

Can charged molecules (ions) go through by itself?

A

No it must go through a protein in the layer

28
Q

What is it called inside the phospholipid bylayer?

A

Cytoplasm/ Intracellular fluid

29
Q

What is it called outside the phospholipid bylayer?

A

Extracellular fluid

30
Q

What is the soma full of?

A

Organelles

31
Q

What is the fluid in the Soma called?

A

Cytosole

32
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The fluid and organelles in the soma

33
Q

What does the golgi aparatus do?

A

Sorts proteins for destinations- delivery to specific parts of the neuron. Also refines protein into its final form

34
Q

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

3D folding of new proteins

35
Q

What does the Nucleus do?

A

Contains DNA to provide information for protein synthesis in the neuron

36
Q

What does the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Major site of protein synthesis and ribosomes help them

37
Q

What are Ribsomes

A

Translate protein making instructions from messenger RNA

38
Q

What are polyribosomes?

A

Free floating ribosomes working together on the same strand of mRNA

39
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Energy producers of the cell

Release ATP produced by Krebs cycle.

40
Q

What is the process where ATP is released?

A

The Krebs cycle

41
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry information to the terminal (presynaptic) boutons

42
Q

How does the axon keep its shape?

A

Microtubules (tubulin)
Neurofilaments
Microfilaments (actin)

43
Q

How do proteins made in the soma reach the terminal?

A

Axoplasmic transport- molecules in vesicles attach via kinesin to microtubules and move toward the terminal.

44
Q

What is the axoplasmic transport ties?

A

Slow is 1-10 mm/day

Fast is 1000 mm/day

45
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

Going forward

46
Q

How does Axoplasmic transport work?

A

Vesicle fills with protein that is just made.

It walks with kinesin, down microtubules requiring ATP to get to terminal.

47
Q

What are the types of Glial cells?

A 
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells (periphery)
Radial glia
Microglia
48
Q

What does the Astrocytes do?

A

Most numerous
Fills space between neurons and keep them safe
Regulate chemical environment of the extracellular space
supplies nutrients, ions, oxygen from blood supply
Synchronise neurons
Can be regulated by neurotransmitters

49
Q

What does the Oligodendrocytes do?

A

Wrap cells in myelin
Myelin sheath is interrupted by nodes of Ranver
Shares myelin with several axons

50
Q

What does the Schwann cells

A

Similar to Oligodendrocytes but does not share myelin- each cell myelinates only one axon

51
Q

What does the Radial Glia do?

A

Guide neuron migration and axon growth

52
Q

What does Microglia do?

A

Rids toxins

Biopsych (14 decks)

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