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Biopsych > Communication By Receptors > Flashcards

Communication By Receptors Flashcards

0
Q

What can receptors be connected to?

A 
Ion channels (ionotrophic receptors)
G proteins (G protein coupled receptors or coupled ion channels)
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1
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Help neurotransmitters to communicate with the post synaptic cell

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2
Q

What receptors link to ion channels

A

Ionotrophic receptors

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3
Q

What receptors link to G proteins

A

Metabotrophic receptors

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4
Q

What are ionotrophic receptors also known as?

A

Ligand gated ion channels

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5
Q

What does ligand mean?

A

Neurotransmitter or agonist

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6
Q

What are the subunits that ion gated receptors are composed of?

A

Combination of 5 Alpha, beta, delta or gamma

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7
Q

How many regions does each subunit have that span the membrane?

A

4

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8
Q

What are the subunits comprised of across the membrane?

A

Polypeptides which are made up of amino acids

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9
Q

What is a binding site?

A

A part of the chemical which is exposed to allow neurotransmitters to attach to the receptor to open the ion channel

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10
Q

What happens when a ligand binds?

A

The molecules change confirmation and let the ions come into the cell

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11
Q

How is an action potential stimulated

A

Different neurotransmitters and ions channels specify different ions into the cell. If you increase positive ions in the cell it will make the cell fire

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12
Q

What are the neurotransmitters that allow sodium and calcium into the cell

A

Acetylcholine and glutamate

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13
Q

What are the neurotransmitters that let negative ions into the cell

A

GABA and glycine

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14
Q

What effect does letting negative ions into the cell have on action potentials

A

It inhibits them

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15
Q

What is a metabotrophic receptor made of

A

A single polypeptide.
It does not have subunits.
It has 7 membrane spanning domains which are alpha helix coil

16
Q

How does a metabotrophic receptor bind to the transmitter

A

The neurotransmitter binds to the alpha helices. It then causes the receptor to bind to the G protein

17
Q

What is the G protein made up of

A

Alpha, beta and gamma and GDP- a low energy protein which is bound to alpha.

18
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter binds?

A

It causes phosphorylation to the GDP to make it GTP because it has picked up another phosphate group. It then gives it energy to have other reactions within the cell.

19
Q

What happens when GTP is bound to the G protein

A

The subunits split- alpha, beta and gamma
Alpha protein goes to another effector protein
Beta and gamma proteins both go to other effector proteins

20
Q

What are effector proteins

A

Proteins that are sitting in the membrane waiting to be activated via a G protein coupled receptor and then cause other cascades within the neuron

21
Q

What cascade is activated by the G protein

A

Second messenger cascades, which is how information is spread within the neuron

22
Q

As well as activating second messenger cascades, what else do G proteins activate?

A

The opening of ion channels

23
Q

What happens after the G protein has been activated

A

The membrane returns to normal, alpha breaks GTP back to GDP

24
Q

What can second messenger systems activate?

A

Downstream activation of enzymes important to neuronal function

25
Q

What is a second messenger system

A

Regulation of systems within the neuron to respond to information that the neuron has received from outside transmitters

26
Q

Why do we have second messenger systems?

A

More sophisticated transfer of information as many systems can be involved
Amplification of the signal- one receptor can effect many downstream systems

27
Q

What does an inhibitory G protein do?

A

Prevent the second messenger system cascade

28
Q

What is receptor feedback

A

When feedback is provided to the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing neurotransmitter

29
Q

What does endogenous mean

A

Chemicals that are in the body

30
Q

What does exogenous mean

A

Chemicals that are applied to the body

31
Q

What is an agonist

A

It binds to a receptor and has an effect on the neuron

32
Q

What is an antagonist receptor

A

Binds to the receptor but doesn’t have an effect on the neuron

Biopsych (14 decks)

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