Substance Abuse

Question 0

What are the main types of stimulants

Answer 0

Cocaine
amphetamine “speed”
Amphetamine derivatives

Question 1

What is a stimulant

Answer 1

A drug that arises or accelerates activities

Question 2

What is a psychostimulant

Answer 2

Anything that stimulates the brain

Question 3

What are narcotics

Answer 3

Induce narcosis (sleeping)

Question 4

What are examples of narcotics

Answer 4

Opium, heroin, morphine

Question 5

What are hallucinogens

Answer 5

Produce hallucinations

Question 6

What are examples of hallucinogens

Answer 6

MDMA
LSD
Magic mushrooms

Question 7

Why do we take drugs

Answer 7

They make us feel good by activating the mesolymbic dopamine system

Nucleus accumbens is a major reward area and the ventral tegmental area has large amount of dopamine cell bodies

Question 8

What is the definition of reward?

Answer 8

Positive reinforcement

Question 9

What makes a substance rewarding?

Answer 9

The ability to increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 10

What parts of the brain are involved in self stimulation

Answer 10

Median forebrain bundle
Nucleus accumbens
Lateral hypothalamus

Question 11

What is the evidence for dopamine enhancing reward?

Answer 11

Rats self stimulate the medial forebrain bundle which has lots of dopamine receptor blockers
Natural rewards increase dopamine transmission
Rats will self- administer dopamine like drugs and most drugs of abuse
Drugs of abuse increase dopamine neurotransmission
The rewarding effect of abused drugs is inhibited by dopamine receptor antagonists and lesions of dopamine cells

Question 12

When does the largest amount of dopamine get released?

Answer 12

When the reward is better than expected

Question 13

What are the major effects of stimulants

Answer 13

Euphoria and well being
Increased alertness
Increased self confidence
Increased energy

Question 14

What is an entactogen

Answer 14

Touchy feely grud- promotes closeness to others

Question 15

What is cocoehtaline

Answer 15

Combination of cocaine and alcohol
Toxic
Increases body temp and heart rate- brain haemphorage and seizures

Question 16

What is the pharmacology of amphetamines

Answer 16

Reverse the transporter- nothing can get back up and the neurotransmitter can’t get back into the presynaptic terminal- essentially blocked.

Question 17

What happens when dopamine is released in the dorsal striatum

Answer 17

Repetitive movement (stereotypy)

Question 18

What are the side effects of stimulant use

Answer 18

Seizures
Depression and anxiety
Paranoia
Psychosis
Neurotoxicity (not cocaine)

Question 19

What are the major effects of opiates

Answer 19

Euphoria and well being
Drowsiness
Relief of osin

Question 20

Where do opiates operate

Answer 20

Cortex- movement/ sensory
Cingulate cortex- judgement
Thalamus and spinal cord- pain centre
-

Question 21

Side effects if opiates?

Answer 21

Constipation
Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Coma death due to low tolerance
Coma death due to mix with depressants

Question 22

What are the effects of cannabis

Answer 22

Cortex- motor sensory
Cingulate cortex- judgement
Hippocampus- blunts memory
Cerebellum: blunts motor coordination

Question 23

What are the effects of repeated ecstasy use

Answer 23

Loss of serotonin, serotonin metabolite sand transporters. Cell bodies are still intact but function abnormally.

Chronic depressive And anxiety states