Week 2

Question 1

the basic unit of herditity is. a ___

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

differnee between geno +phenotype

Answer 2

geno = bleuprint of info in DNA
pehno + observable

Question 2

human cel has ___ hcromosomes with____ of geneses

Answer 2

46 - hudnreds

Question 3

what did the twin studies compare

what weere 2 mainfindings

Answer 3

compated idential and reaterna (100% vs 50% genes shared)

found - genes matter for motor skills (phys fnction traites like skel metabolic andmsuclar have hihger influence than environmetnal traits)

influence of genes decliens over time (in comaprison to enironmental influences)

Question 4

fucntion of CNS

Answer 4

take info form envionrmen , recors, store and comapre
send info to msucles/glands

Question 5

in the PNS ___ control voluntary and ___controls involuntary

Answer 5

somatic system
autonomic system (PNS +SNS)

Question 6

wha are some funcitons of brainste,

Answer 6

relfex, breathing, posture, heartbeat

Question 7

main fucntion of medulla?

Answer 7

transmit sensory(sc to thalamsu) + motor signals (from brain to sc)

repiration, BP, HR (invol)

Question 8

what is main function of pons?

Answer 8

coodination, posture,

Question 9

what is main function of midbrain

Answer 9

relfex
visual +auditory sitm

Question 10

main function of thalamus

Answer 10

itnergration/relay centre

Question 11

parts of cerbreal cortex invlved in movemtn?

Answer 11

primary mtor, premotro, SMA, somatosensoty
motor assoc areas (post, pariteal)
basla ganglia. cerebellum

Question 12

what does primary mtor cortec do vs premotor?

Answer 12

primary - actual excution - speed and force of actions

premotor- planning and execution, working memeory

Question 13

what does Supp moto are do (SMA)

Answer 13

inmager, prep of mrovement

Question 14

how does the posterior apritecal play. aroel in movement

Answer 14

spatial reasoing, attention, planned - helper in movemnent

Question 15

what part of brain is repsondibel for gross (strenght, blance, scooridnation) motor skils

Answer 15

basal ganglia

Question 16

tying ur shoes - what part of brain

Answer 16

basal ganglia

Question 17

what is cerebblum repsonible or

Answer 17

coordinated, timing and balance of movements

Question 18

play a musocal intrument - would be used?

Question 19

cranial nerves tranmti info…

Answer 19

within the briain

Question 20

3 types ofneruons/

Answer 20

sesnrory, - senroy organs/peripher to CNS (afferent

mtoor (effernt) - form brain to muscles/glands

internueron (within cns - thru cranial + s[inal nerves)

Question 21

schwann cells help neruons in the ___ NS by ..

Answer 21

PNS (peripheral)

cell wrap with myelin sheath - acting liek insulation - to transmit signals more effciently + faster

Question 22

waht is saltaroy conduction

Answer 22

aciton potential jumsp forom node to node (noses of ranvier) in myelinated fibres

Question 23

what is the senory info cetntreo fbreain _ relays form cerbum to cerbelluk?

Answer 23

thalamus

Question 24

Which of the following best describes the role of the environment in shaping phenotypes? a)The environment determines the degree to which genetic potential is expressed. The environment rewrites the genetic code to modify traits. The environment has no influence on phenotypic expression. The environment solely determines phenotypic traits, regardless of genetics.

Answer 24

)The environment determines the degree to which genetic potential is expressed. genes set blueprint - enviroemnt determines extenet

Question 25

Which of the following statements about genotype and phenotype is correct? Genotypes determine physical traits, while phenotypes determine behaviour. Phenotypes result from the interaction of genotype with environmental factors. Genotypes are expressed as phenotypes regardless of environmental conditions. Phenotypes are entirely determined by genotypes, with no environmental influence.

Answer 25

Phenotypes result from the interaction of genotype with environmental factors.

Question 26

Which of the following most accurately describes synaptic pruning?

Answer 26

The creation of new synaptic connections. The strengthening of all existing synapses. The selective elimination of unused or weak synapses. The random loss of neurons across the brain.

Question 27

What is one of the earliest neurological functions to decline with aging? Vestibular awareness (balance) Synaptic pruning Reflex behaviours Nerve conduction velocity

Answer 27

vesitbular awareness (balnce ) + nerve conduciton velocity

Question 28

What happens to dendritic density as individuals age?

Answer 28

decrease, reducing nerual connectivitiy

Question 29

what is role of corpus collosum in motor behavioru?

Answer 29

coordinate communciation betwwen brains hemsiphres

Question 30

what compensates for neruon loss in aging brains

Answer 30

reorganzing of nerual pathwys thru plasticity

Question 31

why is myelination critical for motr development in children?

Answer 31

enhances speed and efficienvy of nerve signla transmission Explanation: Myelination accelerates nerve signal transmission, enabling faster and more precise motor responses essential for skill development.

Question 32

Which of the following best explains brain plasticity? The brain's ability to completely regenerate lost neurons after injury. The brain's capacity to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences. The brain's fixed structure that resists changes beyond critical periods. The brain's dependence on genetic programming to determine neural function.

Answer 32

The brain's capacity to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences. Brain plasticity allows the nervous system to adapt to new experiences, learning, or injury by reorganizing connections and forming new pathways.

Question 33

Why is early stimulation critical for brain development?

Answer 33

it strengthnes synpases during critical periods, ensuring optimal wiring of brain circuits our brain is rapidly devleoping new connecitons hen yougner, early stimulation are ideal to strengthen

Question 34

synaptogensis beinfs at approx waht age?

Answer 34

2 months

Question 35

nature ____ while env ___ prewire/finetune

Answer 35

nature prewires, environemnt fine tunes

Question 36

expalin the sequence of events of brain dvelopment form cell profileration to death

Answer 36

proliferation - nerurons created rapidle migration - go wehre needed inegration + diffenrtiation - buildconnecitons and specify myelination - coaed with myelin die - get ut/eliminated

Question 37

when is. critical period of neural development

Answer 37

cell prolfieration

Question 38

when do neurons grow? till

Answer 38

6 mnths prenatal - first year postnatal abotu till ur 1.

Question 41

when is the brain growthsput till

Answer 41

till about 4 years old

Question 42

what type of dendrites grow in migration - repsondible for?

Answer 42

thick dendrites - repsonsible for most brain growth before 2

Question 42

what happens to movements as neurons differentiate

Answer 42

become more coontrolled and rpecise

Question 43

synaptogensis is it happens in ___ phase

Answer 43

building synapses (in motor and visulal) - postnatal (2/3 mtnhs)

Question 44

msot neruon growth after birth happens in ____

Answer 44

hippocampus

Question 45

neurogensis increase with ____

Answer 45

with phsyical acitivity - more neuron growth

Question 46

which develop myelin first? motor or sensory?

Answer 46

motor

Question 47

what type of myelination continues well into 30s

Answer 47

memory

Question 51

motor control myelination ony devleops until waht phase

Answer 51

postnatal

Question 51

waht type of myelintaion occur sinto childhoof (10)

Answer 51

higher brain

Question 52

touch develops until ___

Answer 52

2

Question 53

reflexes develop in ___ stage. Prenatal or postnatl?

Answer 53

prenateal

Question 54

wha type of movement is developed first?

Answer 54

prenatal ly - neurogenic behaviours - fetus kicking, sarms, legs

Question 55

when is voluntary control developemtn? before or after birth?

Answer 55

after birth - mtoor pathways myleinated

Question 56

when do cells begin to prune? what does this do in temrs of glucose and waht is cell pruning ?

Answer 56

late childhood (10 yrs) reducues glcuose use - eliminate connections not used as often - strenghtn ones that are - more optimal in connections

Question 57

when is the window to delveop gross motor skills fine? unused..

Answer 57

prenatel to 5 fine motor till 9 unused fade at 10

Question 58

when is brain most of its adult size, complete size by?

Answer 58

by 3 complete by 6 early choldhood, adult size by alte childhood

Question 59

waht part of rbain devleops first? second?

Answer 59

mdibrain (reflexes) 2. cerebrum -cortex, basal gang, hippocampus 3. cerebellum - coroidnation balance -

Question 60

when is cerebllum finsihed growing

Answer 60

by 4 (early childhood)

Question 61

when migh breain plasticity happen?

Answer 61

after injury, learning new skill, normal developmemnt

Question 62

right hemisphere recives infor from ___ side and left form ___

Answer 62

oppostiies

Question 63

corpus collusum finsihes growing in what stage

Answer 63

early childhood - finshes developing late (10)

Question 64

what happens to neruons over itme and in adavanced agin?

Answer 64

lsost over time, drunk reduced connecivity (dedrites shrink, axons lose density, psychomtor slowing) balance decline(cerebllum neruon loss) slow signals

Question 65

what feature f the brain can help with neuron loss

Answer 65

plasticity