Practivce questions

Question 1

Which option best characterizes the developmental systems perspective?

Development is solely determined by genetic inheritance.

Development arises from the interactions between a person and their surroundings.

Development is a straightforward process that does not account for individual differences among people.

Development is entirely influenced by cultural factors

Answer 1

Development arises from the interactions between a person and their surroundings.

Question 2

Which option best defines maturation in lifespan development?

The acquisition of movement skills is achieved through consistent practice.

The gradual progression of biological development throughout time.

The decrease in motor skills as a result of the aging process.

The influence of the environment on movement behaviour.

Answer 2

The gradual progression of biological development throughout time.

Question 3

A child is raised in an environment abundant with movement opportunities, like climbing structures and engaging in sports. This helps them build advanced coordination skills. What concept from the developmental systems perspective does this demonstrate?

Answer 3

affordances

Question 4

In what ways does the idea of adaptation connect to the process of motor development?

Adaptation pertains to the genetic code that influences motor skills.

Adaptation outlines the process of adapting movement strategies to align more effectively with environmental demands.

Adaptation pertains to motor skills that are innate and fixed.

Adaptation outlines the process by which skills may diminish as one ages.
.

Answer 4

Adaptation outlines the process of adapting movement strategies to align more effectively with environmental demands.

Question 5

What is plasticity in the context of motor development?

The capacity to sustain consistent motor skills over the course of one’s life.
The brain and body possess a remarkable capacity to adapt and reorganize in response to various experiences.
The genetic limits of human movement ability.
The established sequence in the development of motor skills

Answer 5

The brain and body possess a remarkable capacity to adapt and reorganize in response to various experiences.

Question 6

Which option best summarizes the notion that development is multifaceted?

Development is solely driven by genetic programming.

Cognitive, motor, and social aspects all influence development.

Development follows a rigid order with no variance.

External stimuli have no effect on developmental progress.

Answer 6

Cognitive, motor, and social aspects all influence development.

Question 7

child who grows up in a culture where dance is highly valued develops remarkable movement coordination sooner than their peers from another culture. Which premise about lifespan development does this case best illustrate?

Development is completely biologically determined.

Development happens exclusively in early childhood.

Positive stimuli promote development.

Development is entirely based on physical characteristics

Answer 7

positive stimuli promote development.

Question 8

Which option best summarizes the stage-based approach to lifespan development?

Development takes place in overlapping, continuous periods.
Development is the progressive accumulation of tiny changes.
Development happens in separate, consecutive stages, each with its own unique traits.
Development is purely environmental in nature.

Answer 8

Development happens in separate, consecutive stages, each with its own unique traits.

Question 9

When is peak physical performance normally achieved along the developmental continuum?

Adolescence (12-18 years)

Young adulthood (25-30 years)

Middle adulthood (40-60 years)

Older adulthood (60+ years)

Answer 9

oung adulthood (25-30 years)

Question 10

The maturational view of development primarily emphasizes that:

The effects of the environment on motor skill development.

The role of the central nervous system in motor skill learning.

The continuous nature of development.

The notion that development can be influenced at any time by experience.

Answer 10

the role of the ____ in declopment

Question 11

Which option is an example of a micro-system within Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model?

Government policies regarding the funding of youth sports

The interactions of a child with their parents and teachers

The economic conditions of the country

Historical trends in education

Answer 11

The interactions of a child with their parents and teachers

Question 12

What is the main difference between a critical and sensitive period in development?

A critical period has a strict developmental timeline, whereas a sensitive period allows for flexibility in skill acquisition.
A sensitive time is permanent, whereas a crucial period can be changed.
A crucial phase solely affects physical development, whereas a sensitive time only affects cognitive growth.
Both phrases refer to the same concept.

Answer 12

critical period has a strict developmental timeline, whereas a sensitive period allows for flexibility in skill acquisition.

Question 13

what are the 5 stages of the stafe based approacg to lfeispan devleopment

Answer 13

prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity

Question 14

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the genes we inherit, while phenotype refers to observable traits.

Phenotype determines genotype.

Genotype changes based on environmental factors, while phenotype remains the same.

Genotype and phenotype are always identical.

Answer 14

Genotype refers to the genes we inherit, while phenotype refers to observable traits.

Question 15

How does genetic influence on motor skills compare to environmental influence over time?

Genetic influence remains constant, while environmental influence increases.

Environmental influence remains constant, while genetic influence increases.
Both genetic and environmental influences decrease over time.

Genetic influence is always more dominant than environmental influence.

Answer 15

Genetic influence remains constant, while environmental influence increases.

Question 16

How does the role of the motor cortex differ from the role of the basal ganglia?

The motor cortex is responsible for initiating voluntary movements, while the basal ganglia coordinates smooth movement.

The motor cortex controls involuntary functions, while the basal ganglia controls sensory input.

The motor cortex processes memory, while the basal ganglia controls thinking.

The motor cortex and basal ganglia perform the same function.

Answer 16

The motor cortex is responsible for initiating voluntary movements, while the basal ganglia coordinates smooth movement.

Question 17

A patient suffers damage to their medulla. What symptoms are they most likely to experience?

Loss of vision

Difficulty breathing and regulating heart rate

Loss of fine motor skills

Inability to hear sounds

Answer 17

Difficulty breathing and regulating heart rate

Question 18

What is the role of neurogenesis in adulthood?

Neurogenesis allows for unlimited brain growth.

Neurogenesis occurs primarily in the hippocampus and supports memory and learning.

Neurogenesis stops after childhood.

Neurogenesis happens equally in all brain regions.

Answer 18

Neurogenesis occurs primarily in the hippocampus and supports memory and learning.

Question 19

What is the primary characteristic of a critical period in brain development?

A flexible time frame where development can happen at any point.

A specific, inflexible window where development must occur for normal function.
A period when
environmental factors have no influence.
A phase where all brain functions are permanently fixed.

Answer 19

A specific, inflexible window where development must occur for normal function.

Question 20

A child who has never been exposed to language before age 12 struggles to develop fluent speech. Which concept best explains this difficulty?

Neurogenesis

Peripheral nervous system adaptation

Motor coordination

Critical period

Answer 20

Critical period

Question 21

Which period of development is characterized by the most rapid growth rate?

Childhood
Adolescence
Infancy
Adulthood

Answer 21

infancy

Question 22

In studying children’s growth patterns, a researcher notices that some of the children show a temporary slowdown in gaining height around the age of 7, before accelerating again in adolescence. Which statement best explains this observation?

The researcher has encountered a measurement error, as growth happens continuously.

The mid-growth spurt, a minor but common acceleration in growth, occurs around this time.

This finding is unexpected, as growth spurts usually happen in puberty.

These youth are all experiencing early maturation, as the skeletal system is responding to external environmental stressors before continuing typical growth.

Answer 22

he mid-growth spurt, a minor but common acceleration in growth, occurs around this time.

Question 23

What is the primary reason for the adolescent growth spurt?

Children consume more food in this stage

Children undergo hormonal changes

Children sleep more

Children encounter decreases in their metabolism

Answer 23

Children undergo hormonal changes

Question 24

Which period of development is considered a sensitive period for teratogen exposure?

Germinal period
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Postnatal period

Answer 24

embryonic

Question 25

Which factor is NOT an internal influence on prenatal development? Environmental toxins Genetic abnormalities Maternal stress Maternal age

Answer 25

Environmental toxins

Question 26

Which prenatal factor is most likely to result in low birth weight? High maternal protein intake Smoking during pregnancy Consuming dairy products Sleeping less than 8 hours per night

Answer 26

Smoking during pregnancy

Question 27

At birth, which part of the body is proportionately the largest compared to other parts? Legs Arms Torso Head

Answer 27

head

Question 28

How do our body proportions change as we grow? The head remains the same size, and the legs stop growing The trunk continues growing while the legs grow at a slower rate The head grows slower while the legs grow longer All body parts grow at the same rate

Answer 28

The head grows slower while the legs grow longer

Question 29

After puberty, how do male and female body proportions differ (on average)? Boys develop wider hips than shoulders Girls develop broader shoulders than boys After puberty, how do male and female body proportions differ (on average)? Boys develop wider hips than shoulders Girls develop broader shoulders than boys Girls develop wider hips while boys while boys develop broader shoulders Following puberty, body proportions are not much different between boys and girls ollowing puberty, body proportions are not much different between boys and girls

Answer 29

Girls develop wider hips while boys while boys develop broader shoulders

Question 30

The width of a young child's head almost matches the width of their shoulders. Drawing on what we know about body proportion development, what does this situation suggest? This child is likely an early adolescent. This child is likely an infant. This child's growth pattern is abnormal. The child has reached adult proportions.

Answer 30

infant

Question 31

ow do long bones and short bones differ in their growth? Long bones grow at the ends, while short bones grow from the centre outward Short bones stop growing before long bones Short bones only grow during childhood Long bones grow faster than short bones

Answer 31

Long bones grow at the ends, while short bones grow from the centre outward

Question 32

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to influence final adult height? Genetic inheritance Adequate nutrition in childhood High physical activity levels after the growth spurt Growth hormone production during adolescence

Answer 32

High physical activity levels after the growth spurt PA not lter height/stature after plates close

Question 33

advanced aging, why might older adults see declines in body mass? Increased calorie intake Increased muscle hypertrophy Decreased bone and muscle mass Greater physical activity

Answer 33

Decreased bone and muscle mass

Question 34

Which of the following is a potential long-term consequence of undernutrition in childhood? Increased muscle mass Delayed motor development Faster onset of puberty Increased cognitive ability

Answer 34

Delayed motor development

Question 35

What is the primary reason why breastfeeding is recommended for infants? It provides essential antibodies for immune protection It guarantees children will reach their expected height It helps protect the body from teratogens It prevents genetic defects

Answer 35

t provides essential antibodies for immune protection - immuen fucntion - fight infections - transfee ramaternal antibodies

Question 36

A child is born 32 weeks after conception with low birth weight and receives early medical intervention. What is the most likely outcome if the child has access to good nutrition and healthcare? The child has missed a critical period and is unable to reach normal developmental milestones . The child may experience catch-up growth and reach normal development. The child will remain shorter and underweight compared to their peers throughout life. The child will have a grow faster on average compared to their peers throughout childhoo

Answer 36

The child may experience catch-up growth and reach normal development.

Question 37

Which of the following maturity estimate measures is the most accurate in determining a person's biological maturity? Chronological age Skeletal age Dental age Sexual age

Answer 37

Skeletal age - most accutte biological maturity

Question 38

What is the best method to estimate skeletal maturity? Measuring body weight Observing height differences Using X-rays to assess bone age Checking muscle mass

Answer 38

Using X-rays to assess bone age - aprticular hand and wrist

Question 39

How does skeletal maturity differ between males and females? Males reach skeletal maturity earlier than females Females reach skeletal maturity earlier than males Males and females reach skeletal maturity at the same age Skeletal maturity is unrelated to puberty

Answer 39

Females reach skeletal maturity earlier than males femaled ones mature earlier due to hormonal diff

Question 40

Which of the following is a potential advantage of early maturation? Higher risk of osteoporosis Increased social confidence and physical advantages in sports Reduced lifespan No impact on development

Answer 40

Increased social confidence and physical advantages in sports - particularly boys

Question 41

Which of the following best describes how the right atrium functions? The right atrium pumps oxygenated blood to the body The right atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs The right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood to the body

Answer 41

he right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the lungs

Question 42

Which statement about lung development is most correct? The number of alveoli stays the same from birth to adulthood Which statement about lung development is most correct? The number of alveoli stays the same from birth to adulthood The bronchial tree begins to form after birth Lung development is fully complete in the third trimester

Answer 42

The number of alveoli increase until around age 8

Question 43

What is the primary measure of aerobic fitness? Heart rate VO2max Lactic acid threshold Glycogen stores

Answer 43

vo2 max

Question 44

Which system is responsible for providing energy during high-intensity efforts that last for only a few seconds?

Answer 44

atp-pcr

Question 45

What happens to pulmonary elasticity as we age? It increases It stays the same It decreases It has no effect on breathin

Answer 45

t decreases

Question 46

What happens to flexibility as people age? Increases steadily Declines, particularly in the lower back Stays the same Is not influenced by differences in activity

Answer 46

Declines, particularly in the lower back

Question 47

Which of the following statements best represents Piaget’s cognitive-developmental view on the relationship between perception and action? We are pre-equipped with perception skills. Action leads to perception as children interact with their environment. Perception and motor behaviour are not related. Perception does not change throughout childhood

Answer 47

Action leads to perception as children interact with their environment.

Question 48

Gibson’s ecological theory suggests that affordances are: Unchanging features of the external environment. Opportunities for action that depend on the person's perception abilities. Learned through observation or someone's teaching. Determined by a person's mental model of that environmental feature

Answer 48

Opportunities for action that depend on the person's perception abilities.

Question 49

A 12-month-old child starts walking and sees a small curb. They perceive that curb to be "step-up-able" instead of "crawlable". This shift best illustrates: Piaget’s concept of schemas Gibson’s concept of perceiving affordances The A-not-B error Inhibiting reflexive responses

Answer 49

Gibson’s concept of perceiving affordance

Question 50

Which of these concepts refers to the perceptual ability of judging the distance of an object from oneself: Kinesthetic awareness Relative distance perception Absolute distance perception Oculomotor cues

Answer 50

Absolute distance perception

Question 51

A child finds it difficult to track a slow-moving ball, but performs a lot better when the ball is moving faster. What does this situation suggest? The child has poor awareness of the ball in relation to their body. The brain has a limited capacity to track slow-moving objects in comparison to faster movement. The child's dynamic visual acuity is impaired. The child has difficulty with selective attention.

Answer 51

The brain has a limited capacity to track slow-moving objects in comparison to faster movement.

Question 52

Which of the following perceptual skills is most essential for a baseball player to catch a high-speed pitch Auditory perception Kinesthetic memory Coincident timing Spatial constancy Spatial constancy

Answer 52

Coincident timing

Question 53

At birth, which underdeveloped structure causes newborns' poor visual acuity? Retina Fovea Optic nerve Occipital lobe

Answer 53

Fovea

Question 54

Which of the following best describes why older adults have difficulty navigating dimly lit areas? The function of the optic nerve is reduced The lens is less transparent Eye muscles are weaker Peripheral vision is reduced

Answer 54

The lens is less transparent

Question 55

Which of the following best captures kinesthetic awareness? Vision alone allows us to recognize objects Being aware of body position and movement without relying on vision Processing auditory information to help with body balance Being aware of affordances in the environment

Answer 55

Being aware of body position and movement without relying on vision

Question 56

Which of the following kinesthetic abilities develops earlier? Kinesthetic discrimination acuity Kinesthetic memory Kinesthetic sense of force Vestibular balance

Answer 56

Kinesthetic discrimination acuity

Question 57

A young child can recognize the shape of an object by touching it, but can't actually identify the object until they are able to see it. This situation suggests: The child's kinesthetic memory is underdeveloped The child's visual-kinesthetic integration is underdeveloped The child isn't able to process kinesthetic feedback The child has an underdeveloped vestibular balance

Answer 57

he child's visual-kinesthetic integration is underdeveloped

Question 58

Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception? Recognizing a song even when its played in a different key Identifying an object just by noticing its colour Distinguishing the feeling of different textures by touch Matching a sound to a visual cue, such as in lip-reading

Answer 58

Matching a sound to a visual cue, such as in lip-reading - integration of multiple sensory inputs

Question 59

A baseball player is tracking a ball visually while running to attempt to catch it. This situation requires the baseball player to integrate: Vestibular, auditory, and kinesthetic systems Visual, kinesthetic, and vestibular systems Auditory, visual, and tactile systems Kinesthetic, auditory, and tactile systems

Answer 59

Visual, kinesthetic, and vestibular systems

Question 60

Why might some children find it difficult to catch a ball while also receiving and listening to verbal instructions from their coach? Their kinesthetic awareness is underdeveloped. They struggle with selective attention. They aren't able to localize auditory stimuli properly. They have underdeveloped dynamic visual acuity.

Answer 60

They struggle with selective attention

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a common age-related decline in perception? Reduced ability to judge distance Slower processing of visual motion Enhanced sensitivity to tactile stimuli Increased difficulty adapting to low light

Answer 61

Enhanced sensitivity to tactile stimuli decreased

Question 62

In advanced aging, which of the following is a key change in visual perception? Older adults improve their ability to focus on far away objects Older adults have a larger field of vision Older adults have declines in depth perception Older adults have faster saccadic eye movements

Answer 62

Older adults have declines in depth perception

Question 63

what cognitive ability allows us to focus on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant information? Alertness Divided attention Selective attention Reaction time

Answer 63

selctive attention

Question 64

A hockey goalie watching an opponent approach and getting into a ready stance to anticipate the shot is an example of: Reaction time Alertness Selective attention Motor programming

Answer 64

Alertness

Question 65

Which of the following describes the phenomenon where a person will hear their name in a noisy environment, even if they aren't actively focusing on the person saying their name? McGurk Effect Cocktail Party Effect Dual-Task Paradigm Visual-Auditory Perception

Answer 65

Cocktail Party Effect

Question 66

Which of the following types of memory involves temporarily managing and processing information before transferring it and storing it in long-term memory? Explicit memory Implicit memory Working memory Retrieval memory

Answer 66

Working memory

Question 67

In advanced aging, older adults might experience slower reaction times primarily due to what factor? Decreased motor programming Increased nerve conduction velocity Decreased synaptic efficiency Lower attention to detai

Answer 67

Decreased synaptic efficiency

Question 68

ccording to Fitt's law, what happens when a person tries to perform a movement at maximum speed? Accuracy will improve Accuracy will decline Reaction time remains constant Processing speed is not effected

Answer 68

Accuracy will decline

Question 69

According to Schema Theory, how can someone improve their motor learning? Practicing a task in the same way each time Creating practice conditions that emphasise variability on a given task Ignoring feedback that doesn't align with one's internal schema Repeating movements without needing to make adjustment

Answer 69

Creating practice conditions that emphasise variability on a given task

Question 70

Which of the following best represents the concept of coordinative structures? Learning to play the piano key by key Activating multiple muscles at the same time to swing a golf club smoothly Memorizing a playbook in football Relying mainly on reaction time to respond to an unexpected stimulu

Answer 70

Activating multiple muscles at the same time to swing a golf club smoothly

Question 71

Which theory describes that movement is a result of neural adaptations based on experience? Schema Theory Neuronal Group Selection Theory Dynamic Systems Theory Fitt’s Law

Answer 71

Neuronal Group Selection Theory

Question 72

Which of the following best illustrates Newell’s Model of Constraints in sport? A runner changing their stride to adapt to different track surfaces A person turning their head as a response to hearing a loud noise A musician practicing a song over and over again in the same way A child recognizing their own reflection in a mirror

Answer 72

A runner changing their stride to adapt to different track surfaces

Question 73

Which of the following is an example of a task constraint affecting motor performance? A soccer player feeling more amped up after the crowd cheers for them A young gymnast struggling to perform due to their short limbs A basketball player using a heavier ball to practice strength training A runner adjusting their pace based on fatigue

Answer 73

A basketball player using a heavier ball to practice strength training - based on external factors

Question 74

How might the Dynamic Systems Perspective explain why toddlers struggle with learning to walk? They lack a motor program for walking They have not developed the necessary synaptic connections to complete the task Their subsystems (e.g., muscles, balance, coordination) develop at different rates They must first develop visual depth perception

Answer 74

Their subsystems (e.g., muscles, balance, coordination) develop at different rates

Question 75

Which of the following would most likely be an individual constraint in Newell’s Model? he height of a basketball hoop The rules of a soccer game A child’s underdeveloped balance system The temperature on a soccer fiel

Answer 75

A child’s underdeveloped balance system

Question 76

The dynamic systems theory states that motor development follows a fixed, predetermined sequence that is laid out by the central nervous system as it matures, and environmental factors have a limited role in shaping how motor development happens. true or false

Answer 76

false he dynamic systems theory states that movement is self-organizing and emerges from interactions between a person and their environment as they perform tasks and activities. This is contrast to the maturational view, which is reflected in this example, which emphasizes motor development as a pre-determined sequence of events.

Question 77

A sensitive period in lifespan development is a specific age window in which we should prioritize fundamental motor skill development (e.g., training children to balance or build their hand-eye coordination), or else children will never be able to develop that skill later in life.

Answer 77

false - : Sensitive periods offer windows of opportunity where it may be optimal to develop certain skills. However, even if this period is missed, this does not mean skill development is impossible to achieve afterward. Rather, the brain’s plasticity allows us to continue to learn and adapt beyond these sensitive periods. In contrast, a critical period may usually suggests that missing developmental opportunities during this period may lead to irreversible deficits.

Question 78

If a person suffers damage in their primary motor cortex, they will completely lose the ability to perform voluntary movements, as no other parts of the brain are able to perform this function. true or false

Answer 78

false - other areas - premotor, supp mtoor basal - can adapt bc brains plasticity

Question 79

he neuroplasticity of an adult’s brain is mainly limited to the hippocampus (i.e., to store new memories) and only occurs in response to damage or injury?

Answer 79

false - hippcampus for neurogensis - neuroplasticiy hgappens in various regiion likelearning, new skills...

Question 80

Skeletal age, in comparison to chronological age, is a more accurate assessment of an individual’s biological development.

Answer 80

true - Skeletal age, captured through X-Rays to observe bone ossification patterns, is more accurate in assessing biological maturity. Chronological age (measured in calendar years) does not account for individual variability in growth and development.

Question 81

A velocity curve of growth will plot the total amount of growth that is achieved over a period of time, while distance curves show how rapid or slow growth is over a period of time

Answer 81

false These are actually opposite. The distance curve is a plot that shows cumulative growth (e.g., how tall we grow from birth to adulthood), while a velocity curve will plot the rate of growth (e.g., how fast we grow at different times) – helping us identify growth spurts or rapid declines.

Question 82

Exercises like sprinting and weightlifting primarily draw on body fat for energy, as fat can produce the highest caloric yield per gram.

Answer 82

false - these exercises are typically anaerobic, which mainly rely on stored ATP and carbohydrates for energy, rather than fat.

Question 83

Children tend to dissipate heat through convective heat loss (e.g., increasing blood flow toward the skin surface), instead of evaporative cooling (sweating) to help regulate their body temperature. As a result, they are more at risk of overheating in hot and humid conditions.

Answer 83

true. Children have less developed sweat glands, which makes them less effective in dissipating heat compared to adults. Therefore, it’s a good idea to have children play in cooler environments and drink lots of water to prevent them from overheating.

Question 84

Children without visual impairment will develop kinesthetic awareness before they develop visual awareness. This means that young children are able to perceive their body position in space while their vision is developing.

Answer 84

false - visual eprception starts and matures ear,ier than kinethetic perception

Question 85

what matures and develops earleir kinethetic or visual perception

Answer 85

visual perception first

Question 86

Children are likely to develop better coincident timing abilities if they play video games that require rapid motor responses compared to children who do not, regardless of age

Answer 86

true - Coincident timing is the ability to coordinate visual information with the body’s movement, such as catching or hitting a ball. A strong indicator of how good someone is at this ability is their involvement in skill-building opportunities that require rapid responses like sports and video games

Question 87

The cocktail party effect demonstrates that we can selectively attend to a task or a conversation, and this process will entirely inhibit unexpected stimuli from being processed, if they are unrelated to the primary task

Answer 87

hile selective attention helps filter out irrelevant stimuli, the cocktail party effect shows that attention is not entirely rigid—important or personally relevant stimuli (e.g., hearing one's name in a noisy environment) can still capture attention, indicating some level of flexibility in attentional processing​.

Question 88

Neuronal Group Selection Theory states that movement patterns are pre-determined entirely by genetics, and acquiring motor skills is dependent on the neural activity that results from these genetics, rather than the environment or sensory feedback.

Answer 88

False Explanation: Neuronal Group Selection Theory states that while genetics initially provides a broad set of potential movement pathways, these are not hard-wired circuits. Movement is softly assembled according to dynamic systems theory, and this soft assembly is exhibited in emerging patterns of activation that are refined and strengthened through our experiences and interactions with the environment. Our neural patterns will continue to adapt our movements and our motor learning based on these interactions and sensory feedback.