week 2

Question 1

Qualitative biomechanical analysis

Answer 1

non-numeric evaluation of motion based on direct observation.

Question 2

Quantitative biomechanical analysis

Answer 2

numeric evaluation of motion based on data collected during the movement

Question 3

Kinematics of motion

Answer 3

description of motion from a spatial and temporal perspective,

Question 4

Angular motion

Answer 4

motion around an axis so that different regions of the same object do not move through the same distance in a given amount of time.

Question 5

Internal forces active and passive and def

Answer 5

Produced from structures located within the body
Active: generated by muscle contraction
Passive: generated by tension in stretched tissue

Question 6

External forces

Answer 6

produced by forces acting from outside the body
eg. Gravity acting on mass of a body
External load acting on mass of a body segment
Friction which can provide stability if optimum, retard motion if excessive, or lead to instability if inadequate

Question 7

forces are vectors and therefore characterised by:

Answer 7

Magnitude
Direction
point of application

Question 8

Produce rotation of a body segment is called

Answer 8

torque

Question 9

To calculate torque, use the equation

Answer 9

Torque (T) = Force (F) x Moment arm (MA)

Question 10

What is composition?

Answer 10

Composition is the process of combining or adding two or more vector quantities (forces) together.
Composition of vectors with the same direction requires adding their magnitudes.
Composition of vectors with the opposite direction requires subtracting their magnitudes.

Question 11

Newton’s First Law of Motion (Inertia)

Answer 11

“A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force that changes the state”

Question 12

Newton’s Second Law of Motion (Acceleration)

Answer 12

A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body’s mass.”

Question 13

Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Action & Reaction)

Answer 13

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

Question 14

first class level

Answer 14

axis is in the middle of force and resistance. eg in neck

Question 15

second class lever

Answer 15

resistance is in the middle of the axis and force. calf raises. greater than 1 MA

Question 16

third class lever

Answer 16

force is in the middle of axis and resistance. eg bicep curl MA less than 1

Question 17

compression

Answer 17

pressing or squeezing force directed axillary through a body. eg effect of gravity when jumping

Question 18

tension

Answer 18

pulling or stretching through the body. eg muscle produce tensile force that acts on the bone

Question 19

shear

Answer 19

forces directed parallel to a surface. enduring squats

Question 20

bending

Answer 20

when a non- axial or asymmetrical force is being applied to the body it creates compression on one side and tension on the other. eg femoral neck during walking

Question 21

torsion

Answer 21

occurs when a structure is caused to twist about its longitudinal axis. eg body over foot during football

Question 22

stress

Answer 22

force per unit area of the within body stress= force/ area eg lumbar vertebrae takes for of the weight but it has a higher surface area

Question 23

acute load

Answer 23

application of a single force of significant magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue (macro trauma)

Question 24

repetitive load

Answer 24

repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude (micro trauma)

Question 25

deformation

Answer 25

change in the shape due to force applied

Question 26

Joint range of motion (ROM) is:

Answer 26

The amount of movement that occurs at a joint
The amount of motion allowed between two bony levers

Question 27

Active movement

Answer 27

Active movement is movement of a body part by muscles through available joint range. It is performed independently, that is no one else is performing this movemen

Question 28

passive movement

Answer 28

Passive movement is movement of the limb through available joint range where the movement is performed by another person or equipment.

Question 29

What factors affect active ROM

Answer 29

Muscle length, age, gender, culture, genetics, occupation/ recreation, pathologies

Question 30

Methods of measuring joint ROM

Answer 30

universal Goniometer (UG) (limbs)
inclinometer (spine)
Tape measure linear distance)
x-rays
Photography

Question 31

Systematic error

Answer 31

when there is a predictable error in measurement

Question 31

Random error

Answer 31

not predictable and occurs owing to chance.