week 2 Flashcards
global pandemic - black death
- successive outbreak from 1348 onwards
- population of England reduced by 20-50%
–> shortage of labourers (not enough people, the peasants could up their wages)
—> this resulted in the statue of labourers (1351)
religious dissent - lollardy
- John Wycliffe (1320s - 1384)
- to make the Bible available in their own language (not only in Latin, made the people less dependant on the church)
–> translate Bible into English - the church does not need all the land, power anymore (anti-movement starts and wants to take away power of the church)
statue of labourers (1351)
a law created by the English parliament under King Edward II, which aimed at regulating the labour force by prohibiting requesting or offering a wage higher than pre-plague standards and limiting movements in search of better conditions
–> This lead to social unrest
secular clergy
- pope, bishop, parish, priest
- they meet with people that come from all over the world
- secula (latin) = world
regular clergy - monks
- followed rule of St. Benedict
- isolated from society
- lived of land given by the church or nobility (some of these monasteries became too wealthy, some people complained that they didn’t life of their vows)
–> due to an anti-movement started (14th century) - vows: poverty, chastity, obedience, stability of place
vow: stability of place
you would not leave the monastery unless you get permission from higher up
what did the nobility figure out gradually?
the noble class started to figure out that there wasn’t always weak to protect, so they would make this lifestyle in which they mock war (medieval tournaments)
–> refer to as courtly lifestyle
regular clergy
- regular clergy were present in education (the first universities were funded by the clergy) and in social welfare (medieval hospitals)
- they are called regular because they follow a certain set of rules
- they live in a monastery
- there are monks and friars
regular clergy - friars
- medicant order: franciscans, dominicans, carmelites, augustinians
- vows: poverty, chastity, obedience
- urban movement: they are out in the city
- they lived of charity
- they came as a movement against corrupt monks, unfortunately they started getting a similar reputation during the 14th century
vow: poverty
person poverty, you were not allowed to have any wealth or possessions, anything that you earned would go to the monastery
vow: chastity
you stay abstinence, no kids
vow: obedience
you follow the head monk of the monastery
the nobility
- originally = mounted warriors received lands from king in return for military service (feudal system)
- task = protect the weak and the poor
- writing poetry, making art, courtly love
what did the peasants do?
rise of the middle class (end of middle ages)
- they rise because they manage to get a lot of capital
- their rise upsets the classical structure of society
–> the structure comes under pressure
the calamitous 14th century
a period in which a lot of society structures were changing
–> poetry explains the changes
- political unrest
- religious unrest
- global pandemic
the great schism (1378 - 1418)
this was a result as of the distrust in the regular clergy
there were 2 popes -> this resulted in mistrust -> this also had a political dynamic, one state supported one pope, another state supports the other
- this divided some countries –> reform/protestantism movements
social upheaval: peasants revolt
- keep the wages low
- keep peasants in the same place
- heavy taxation because of war
- religious element
- one of the first major uprisings of the lower class
– they burned down houses
– killed people (mostly flemish merchants)
– they were eventually executed
–> eventually peasants get more rights and respect, treated with more care
constant warfare
wars of Scottish independence (1296 - 1328, 1332 - 1357)
–> raised taxes
–> a lot of nobility dying (nobility that fought)
hundreds’ years war (1339 - 1453)
–> conflict between England and France
- this had a lot of effect on the England society (taxes, death)
- results: people start to dislike the French in England, anti-French sentiment
