Week 2 Flashcards
How many Vertebrae do we have?
33
how many regions of the spine do we have?
5
what are the regions of the spine?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
how many vertebrae per region
7,12,5,5,2-4 fuse to make the coccyx
kyphotic
primary (first degree) curvatures which is concave anteriorly
what curvature is developed during the fetal period?
kyphotic curvature
Lordotic curves
secondary (second degree) curvatures which is concave posteriorly
cervical lordosis
develops when infants begin to hold their heads up
lumbar lordosis
develops when toddlers begin standing and walking
what is the opening between the vertebral body and vertebral arch and hose the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
the opening that is formed between pedicles of the adjacent vertebrae?
intervertebral foramen
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
what are the main common features of the typical cervical vertebrae?
- small body
- transverse foramen in transverse process
- bifurcated SPs
what is C1?
Atlas
special features of C1?
no body
no laminae
no pedicle
anterior arch - posterior side has the facet for dens
posterior arch
what is the exceptional feature of C2
odontoid process (dens axis) which permits rotation of the atlas on the axis bone
vertebra prominens
7th cervical verteba, the most distinctive characterstic of the vertebra because of long spinous process which is palpable
Main characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebra
- costal facet on the side of the bodes and
- costal facet on the transverse process (transverse costal facet) for articulation with the tubercles except T11 and 12
types of ribs
true (1-7), false (8-10) and free/floating (11-12)
what are true ribs?
direct attachment to the sternum
what are false ribs?
indirect attachment to the sternum (attach to the costal cartilage of rib 7)
what are free/floating ribs
no attachment to the sternum
what are the atypical ribs?
1,2,10,11,12
describe the 1st rib
- flattened and wider
- has a tubercle on the inner (medial) border = scalene tubercle for the insertion of the 1st rib
- does not ahve angle or costal groove
- head only articulates with the body of T1
2nd rib
don’t not have costal groove
10th rib
have only a single articular facet on its head
11th rib
have a single articular facet on the head, no neck or tubercle
has a slight angle and shallow costal groove
12th rib
only a single articular facet on the head, no neck or tubercle, no angle or costal groove
Manubrium
upper part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles and contains the jugular notch
first rib - joints to the notch
second rib also joints to the manubrium
body of sternum
articulation of with the lower part of the second costal cartilage and ribs 3-6
sternal angle (angle of Louis)
junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a cartilaginous joint
characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae
body is massive, TPs are long and slender
what are the intervertebral discs composed of?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus
made of collagen fibers which surround the nucleus pulposus
nucleus pulposus
fills the central part of the disc and is gelatinous which absorbs compression forces
where are there no discs?
b/w atlas and skull, atlas and axis, sacral segments, and coccygeal segments
anterior intervertebral joint
joint between the bodies of the vertebrae articulate with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc
what are the ligaments that hold the anterior intervertebral joing
anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament
extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae from occipital bone to the sacrum
- limits backward bending and supports the anterior convexity
posterior longitudinal ligament
within the vertebral canal, extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis to the sacrum
explain herniation
Annular fibers degrade as we age and fail to contain the nucleus in place, the nucleus will push its way out of place and that will cause disc herniation
posterior intervertebral joint
articular processes of each vertebra articular with the upper and lower articular processes
- zygapophysical (facet) joint
what type of joint is the facet joint
synovial planar joint
what are the ligaments that support the facet joints?
- ligamenta flava
- supraspinous ligament
- interspinous ligaments
- intertransverse ligaments
ligamenta flava
connects C2 to the S1, lamina to lamin
supraspinous ligament
connect the apices of the spinous process from the 7th cervical spine to the sacrum
interspinous ligaments
connect spinous process basically in betweent eh spinous processes
intertransverse ligaments
between the transverse processes
ligamentum nucha
extends from the occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra
how many atlantoaxial joints are there
3, 2 lateral and 1 medial
the lateral atlantoaxial joints are ? joints made between the ? and the ?
synovial gliding, lateral masses of the atlas, superior articular processes of the axis
the medial atlantoaxial joint is a ? joint between the ? and the ring formed by the ? of the atlas
synovial pivot, odontoid process of the axis, anterior arch and the transverse ligament
anterior atlantoaxial ligament
lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas to the front of the body of the axis
posterior atlantoaxial ligament
lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas to the upper edges of the laminae of the axis
transverse ligament
thick strong band that arches across the ring of the atlas and keeps the dens of axis in place, has superior and inferior bands
cruciate ligament of the atlas
contains the transverse ligament of atlas with its superior and inferior bands
tectorial membrane
within the vertebral canal, over the cruciate ligament and is a prologation upwards of the PLL
alar ligaments
either side of the upper part of the odontoid process and passing obliquely upward and lateral ward, inserts on the medial side of the condyles of the occipital bone
atlantooccipital joint
articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone consists of a pair of synovial condyloid joints
anterior atlantooccipital membran
passes b/w the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and anterior arch of the atlas
posterior atlantooccipital membrane
passes b/w the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlas
Luschka’s Joint
between the uncinate process of the cervical vertebrae, b/w C3 and C7
costovertebral joint
articulations of the head of the ribs with the facets on the side of the bodies of thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
which ribs articulates with a single vertevra
1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs
radiate ligament of head of rib
connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them
Intra-rticular ligament of head of rib
situated in the joint’s interior
- Attaches on one end to the crest separating the two articular facets on the head of the rib, and on the other end to the intervertebral disc
Costotransverse joints
Formed between the tubercle of the rib with the articular surface on the adjacent transverse process (diarthrodial joint)
superior costotransverse ligament
attached below to the upper border of the neck of the rib and to the transverse process immediately above
costotransverse ligament
connects the rough surface on the back of the neck of the rib with the anterior surface of the adjacent transverse process
lateral costotransverse ligament
passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough non-articular tubercle of the rib
articulations of the cartilage of the true ribs with the sternum are?
synovial joints except for the first rib which is hyaline cartilage
radiate sternocostal ligaments
connects the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sternum
what is the motion when the ribs move superior and lateral direction
“bucket handle” motion
what is the motion of the sternum that moves in a superior direction
“pump handle”