Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How many Vertebrae do we have?
A
33
2
Q
how many regions of the spine do we have?
A
5
3
Q
A
4
Q
A
5
Q
what are the regions of the spine?
A
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
6
Q
how many vertebrae per region
A
7,12,5,5,2-4 fuse to make the coccyx
7
Q
kyphotic
A
primary (first degree) curvatures which is concave anteriorly
8
Q
what curvature is developed during the fetal period?
A
kyphotic curvature
9
Q
Lordotic curves
A
secondary (second degree) curvatures which is concave posteriorly
10
Q
cervical lordosis
A
develops when infants begin to hold their heads up
11
Q
lumbar lordosis
A
develops when toddlers begin standing and walking
12
Q
what is the opening between the vertebral body and vertebral arch and hose the spinal cord
A
vertebral foramen
13
Q
the opening that is formed between pedicles of the adjacent vertebrae?
A
intervertebral foramen
14
Q
how many spinal nerves are there?
A
31 pairs
15
Q
what are the main common features of the typical cervical vertebrae?
A
- small body
- transverse foramen in transverse process
- bifurcated SPs
16
Q
what is C1?
A
Atlas
17
Q
special features of C1?
A
no body
no laminae
no pedicle
anterior arch - posterior side has the facet for dens
posterior arch
18
Q
what is the exceptional feature of C2
A
odontoid process (dens axis) which permits rotation of the atlas on the axis bone
19
Q
vertebra prominens
A
7th cervical verteba, the most distinctive characterstic of the vertebra because of long spinous process which is palpable
20
Q
Main characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebra
A
- costal facet on the side of the bodes and
- costal facet on the transverse process (transverse costal facet) for articulation with the tubercles except T11 and 12
21
Q
types of ribs
A
true (1-7), false (8-10) and free/floating (11-12)
22
Q
what are true ribs?
A
direct attachment to the sternum
23
Q
what are false ribs?
A
indirect attachment to the sternum (attach to the costal cartilage of rib 7)
24
Q
what are free/floating ribs
A
no attachment to the sternum
25
what are the atypical ribs?
1,2,10,11,12
26
describe the 1st rib
- flattened and wider
- has a tubercle on the inner (medial) border = scalene tubercle for the insertion of the 1st rib
- does not ahve angle or costal groove
- head only articulates with the body of T1
27
2nd rib
don't not have costal groove
28
10th rib
have only a single articular facet on its head
29
11th rib
have a single articular facet on the head, no neck or tubercle
has a slight angle and shallow costal groove
30
12th rib
only a single articular facet on the head, no neck or tubercle, no angle or costal groove
31
Manubrium
upper part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles and contains the jugular notch
first rib - joints to the notch
second rib also joints to the manubrium
32
body of sternum
articulation of with the lower part of the second costal cartilage and ribs 3-6
33
sternal angle (angle of Louis)
junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a cartilaginous joint
34
characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae
body is massive, TPs are long and slender
35
what are the intervertebral discs composed of?
annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
36
annulus fibrosus
made of collagen fibers which surround the nucleus pulposus
37
nucleus pulposus
fills the central part of the disc and is gelatinous which absorbs compression forces
38
where are there no discs?
b/w atlas and skull, atlas and axis, sacral segments, and coccygeal segments
39
anterior intervertebral joint
joint between the bodies of the vertebrae articulate with the body of the upper and lower vertebra via intervertebral disc
40
what are the ligaments that hold the anterior intervertebral joing
anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament
41
anterior longitudinal ligament
extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae from occipital bone to the sacrum
- limits backward bending and supports the anterior convexity
42
posterior longitudinal ligament
within the vertebral canal, extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis to the sacrum
43
explain herniation
Annular fibers degrade as we age and fail to contain the nucleus in place, the nucleus will push its way out of place and that will cause disc herniation
44
posterior intervertebral joint
articular processes of each vertebra articular with the upper and lower articular processes
- zygapophysical (facet) joint
45
what type of joint is the facet joint
synovial planar joint
46
what are the ligaments that support the facet joints?
- ligamenta flava
- supraspinous ligament
- interspinous ligaments
- intertransverse ligaments
47
ligamenta flava
connects C2 to the S1, lamina to lamin
48
supraspinous ligament
connect the apices of the spinous process from the 7th cervical spine to the sacrum
49
interspinous ligaments
connect spinous process basically in betweent eh spinous processes
50
intertransverse ligaments
between the transverse processes
51
ligamentum nucha
extends from the occipital protuberance to the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra
52
53
how many atlantoaxial joints are there
3, 2 lateral and 1 medial
54
the lateral atlantoaxial joints are ? joints made between the ? and the ?
synovial gliding, lateral masses of the atlas, superior articular processes of the axis
55
the medial atlantoaxial joint is a ? joint between the ? and the ring formed by the ? of the atlas
synovial pivot, odontoid process of the axis, anterior arch and the transverse ligament
56
anterior atlantoaxial ligament
lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas to the front of the body of the axis
57
posterior atlantoaxial ligament
lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas to the upper edges of the laminae of the axis
58
transverse ligament
thick strong band that arches across the ring of the atlas and keeps the dens of axis in place, has superior and inferior bands
59
cruciate ligament of the atlas
contains the transverse ligament of atlas with its superior and inferior bands
60
tectorial membrane
within the vertebral canal, over the cruciate ligament and is a prologation upwards of the PLL
61
alar ligaments
either side of the upper part of the odontoid process and passing obliquely upward and lateral ward, inserts on the medial side of the condyles of the occipital bone
62
atlantooccipital joint
articulation of the atlas with the occipital bone consists of a pair of synovial condyloid joints
63
anterior atlantooccipital membran
passes b/w the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and anterior arch of the atlas
64
posterior atlantooccipital membrane
passes b/w the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlas
65
Luschka's Joint
between the uncinate process of the cervical vertebrae, b/w C3 and C7
66
costovertebral joint
articulations of the head of the ribs with the facets on the side of the bodies of thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
67
which ribs articulates with a single vertevra
1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs
68
radiate ligament of head of rib
connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral disc between them
69
Intra-rticular ligament of head of rib
situated in the joint's interior
- Attaches on one end to the crest separating the two articular facets on the head of the rib, and on the other end to the intervertebral disc
70
Costotransverse joints
Formed between the tubercle of the rib with the articular surface on the adjacent transverse process (diarthrodial joint)
71
superior costotransverse ligament
attached below to the upper border of the neck of the rib and to the transverse process immediately above
72
costotransverse ligament
connects the rough surface on the back of the neck of the rib with the anterior surface of the adjacent transverse process
73
lateral costotransverse ligament
passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough non-articular tubercle of the rib
74
articulations of the cartilage of the true ribs with the sternum are?
synovial joints except for the first rib which is hyaline cartilage
75
radiate sternocostal ligaments
connects the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sternum
76
what is the motion when the ribs move superior and lateral direction
"bucket handle" motion
77
what is the motion of the sternum that moves in a superior direction
"pump handle"
