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Mammalogy > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

Marsupials

1
Q

Metatheria

A

Infra class for marsupials - that give birth to partially developed young ones

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2
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental mammals

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3
Q

!Marsupial origin

A

North America

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4
Q 
!Convergent evolution between Australian marsupials and placental mammals, 6 examples.
Kangaroos -
Wallabies -
Wombats -
Koalas -
Numbats -
Diprotodonts (extinct) - 
What are the placental mammals equivalants?
A 
Kangaroos - Antelopes 
Wallabies - Rabbits
Wombats - marmots
Koalas - sloth 
Numbats - Anteater 
Diprotodonts - Rhino and Tapir
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5
Q

!Marsupial 7 orders

A 
Diprotodontia - diproyodonts 
Dasyuromorphia - marsupial carnivore
Didelphimorphia - marsupial carnivore
Paucitubercultata - opossums and the rest
Microbiotheria - opossums and the rest
Peramelemorphia - opossums and the rest
Notoryctemorphia - opossums and the rest
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6
Q

!Why aren’t there marsupial aquatic mammals?

A

Marsupial young are often held in pouches and Martine mammals would struggle to have pouches. (However there is a semi-aquatic possum called Yapok)

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7
Q

!Economic importance of marsupials

A

Kangaroos hunted for hide and meat
Brush tailed possums are reared as fur bearers. They have become introduced pests, especially New Zealand, which has caused ecological and economical damage

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8
Q

Theria

A

Subclass containing the metatheria (marsupials) and eutheria (placentals)

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9
Q

Prototheria

A

Subclass for prototheria (monotremes)

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10
Q

!Evolution of pouches

A

Absence of pouch is the ancestral or primitive condition
Pouches have evolved independently many times
50% of marsupials don’t have a pouch

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11
Q

!Wombat pouch

A

Wombats have a backward opening pouch so that dirt doesn’t enter the pouch while digging.

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12
Q

!Distribution of marsupials

A

Mainly southern hemisphere
Australia and New Guinea (200 species)
North & South America (70 species)

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13
Q

!Lifestyle

A 
Very diverse
Adaptations for..
Fossorial - burrowing
Ambulatory - walking
Cursorial- running
Saltatorial - leaping
Semi-aquatic - frequently living in water
Arboreal - inhabiting trees
Gliding
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14
Q

!Diet

A 
Very diverse
Insectivorous
Carnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores
Nectarivorous
Browsing and grazing
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15
Q

Differences between marsupial and eutherian skulls and brains?

A

In marsupials:
Palate of marsupials is fenestrated (2 extra holes)
Dentary angle is “bent”

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16
Q

Marsupials dentition

A

Upper jaw had more incisors than lower jaw (except wombats)

Cheek teeth typically 3/3,4/4

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17
Q

What orders have diprotodont dentition?

A

Diprotodontia

Paucituberculata

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18
Q

What is diprodont dentition?

A

Lower jaw shortens

Pair of lower incisors enlarge and elongate

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19
Q

Epipubic bone

A

A characteristic of marsupials.

A bone which project anteriorly (stick forward) from the pelvis

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20
Q

!Limb forms types

A

Marsupials show:
Plantigrade (majority) - walking on Palms/soles
Digitigrade - walking on fingers/toes
Water opossum has webbed hind feet to be semi-aquatic.
The hallux (big toe) is clawless

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21
Q

Syndactylous feet: what is it and in which orders?

A 
Found in orders:
Peramelemorphia
Diprotodontia
It is:
2nd and 3rd toes are fused. Separate sets of bones exist but are enclosed within a single skin sheath
22
Q

Two most distinguishable features of marsupials from eutherians?

A

Syndactylous feet

Diprotodont dentition

23
Q

!Marsupial reproductive development of young

A

Via lactation instead of placenta

Due to low birth weight of young and very short gestation

24
Q

!Female marsupial reproduction

A

Have a double reproductive tract.

Birth takes place in median canal called the pseudovaginal canal

25
Q

!Male marsupial reproduction

A

Scrotum anterior to the penis.

Penis bifurcates in majority of species

26
Q

!Examples of marsupial species in the order Diprotodontia?

A

Possums
Kangaroos
Wombats
Koalas

27
Q

!Diprotodontia distribution

A

Australian faunal region - included Tasmania & islands to the north of Australia e.g. new Guinea.

28
Q

!marsupium

A

Pouch

29
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of diprotodontia

A

syndactylous hindtoes

Diprotodont teeth

30
Q

Schizodactylous forefeet

A

Arboreal diprotodonts (e.g koala) have forefeet where the first two digits oppose (face the other way) to the other 3

31
Q

!Diprotodontia families

A

Pseudocheiridae - ring-tailed possums
Phalangeridae - cuscuses, brush-tailed possums
Burryamidae - pygmy possums
Petuaridae - striped possums, gliding possums
Potoridae - “rat” kangaroos
Macropodidae - kangaroos and wallabies
Phascolarctidae - koalas
Vombatidae - wombats
Tarsipedidae - honey possum/noolbenger
Acrobatidae - feathertail glider & feathertail possum

32
Q

Ring tailed possum (order diprootodontia) adaptations

A

Ring tailed possum and greater glider
Arboreal folivores
Adaptation for folivory:
*Enlarge caecum for microbial fermentation of high cellulose diet
* Slow movement (because plant material doesn’t provide much energy)
*Coprophagy (helps with digestion)

33
Q

!Pygmy possum (diprotodontia)

A

Pygmy possum
Arboreal nectivores
Adaptations:
*High nitrogen diet allows for large little sizes
*Extremely mobile to allow access to flowers
*Small size

34
Q

Striped possums and gliding possums (order diprootodontia) adaptation

A

Striped possums and gliding possums
Arboreal
Adaptations:
*Use patagium to glide

35
Q

Honey possum (order diprootodontia) adaptations

A

Honey possum
Nectar and pollen specialist
Because it eats pollen it had a reduced dental formula and a long tongue with brush-like tip.

36
Q

Feathertail glider possum (order diprootodontia) adaptations

A

Feathertail glider possum:

  • nectivore
  • Brush-tipped tongue
  • Highly mobile and can glide
37
Q

!Phalangeridae (order diprotodontia)

A

Cuscuses and bushtail possum

Enlarged lower premolar (projects above the level of other cheek teeth)

38
Q

!Phalangeridae (order diprotodontia)

A

Spotted cuscus and dwarf cuscus etc

39
Q

!Potoridae (order diprootodontia)

A

Bettongs, potoroos, and rat kangaroos

40
Q

!Macropodidae “big-footed” (order diprootodontia)

A

Kangaroos and wallabies
Largest and diverse marsupial family
Adapted for saltatorial (bounding) and ricochetal (jumping) locomotion

41
Q

!Dendrolagus in family macropodidae (order diprootodontia)

A

Tree kangaroos

There was an arborial niche that was free to fill in terms of leaf eating and fruit eating

42
Q

!Phascolarctidae (order diprootodontia)

A

Koala (monotypic family)
Feeds on eucalyptus
Wife distribution along the East coast of Australia.
Koalas from the south are much larger due to the cold.

43
Q

!Dasyuromorphia “bushy tails” families

A

Dasyurodae - antechinus, quolls, devil etc
Thylacinidae - thylacine
Myrmecobiidae - numbat

44
Q

Dasyuromorphia “bushy tails”

A

Order for marsupial carnivores

45
Q

!Family Thylacinidae in order dasyuromorphia

A

Thylacine

Extinct

46
Q

Numbat diet (order dasyuromorphia)

A

Numbat

Diet: termites

47
Q

!Family dasyuridae in order dasyuromorphia

A

Antechinus, kowari, quolls, devil

Distribution: Australia and New Guinea - dry grassland to rainforest.

48
Q

!Order Didelphimorphia

A

American opossum
Distribution: south, central, and north America
Habitat: grassland - rainforests
Lifestyle: arboreal, terrestrial, semi-aquatic
Diet: omnivores

49
Q

!Order Paucituberculata

A

Marsupial shrews/rat opossum
Distribution: Andean region
Dentition: diprotodont

50
Q

Monito del Monte (Order microbiotheria) adaptation

A

Monito del Monte

Adaptations: fat store in tail which provides energy to survive winter hibernation.

51
Q

Marsupial mole (order Notoryctemorphia) adaptations

A

Marsupial mole
Adaptations:
Neck vertebra are fused which are adaptations to a fossorial lifestyle

Mammalogy (17 decks)

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