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Mammalogy > Wee 5 > Flashcards

Wee 5 Flashcards

1
Q

!Cetaceans most closely related to

A

Hippos

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2
Q

!Two sub order

A

Odontoceti - toothed whales

Mysticeti - baleen whales

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3
Q

Mysticeti Vs Odontoceti teeth

A

*Mysticeti:
Plates of baleen used to siv food out of water
*Odontoceti
Have teeth

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4
Q

!Cetacea general skull morphology

A

Relatively large brains
Elongated rostrum
Nasal opening is set far back on the top of the skull, posterior to the orbits.

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5
Q

!Cetacea general skeleton

A

Separate cervical vertebra allow flexibility in roequals, river dolphins & belugas
Front limbs modified into flippers
Odontoceti hind limbs are absent. Mysticeti hind limbs and pelvic girdle are vestigial.

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6
Q

!Cetacea other characteristics

A

Streamline body shape
Lack external ears
Penis and testes internal
& Teats in slits either side of the genital area
Horizontal tail fin that moves in the vertical plane

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7
Q

!Cetacea blubber and skin

A

Good at thermoregulation:
Counter-current heat exchangers which can be overridden in warmer waters to dumb heat
Turbulence reduction

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8
Q

!Cetacea adaptation to prevent against the bends

A

Their already small lungs compress when diving which forces any air into the trachea & bronchus. No nitrogen can be absorbed into the blood which means bends can’t happen

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9
Q

!First recognisable cetaceans was when?

A

Early middle Eocene

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10
Q

!Cetaceans basic evolution

A

Decline in reptiles, due to the change in climate to colder waters, led to an incline in cetaceans.
Resource pressure led to the adaptation of eating fasted moving fish.

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11
Q

!Platanistidae

A

Ganges and Indus dolphins

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12
Q

!Platanistidae: Ganges and Indus dolphins swimming style

A

Side swimmers

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13
Q

!Platanistidae: Ganges and Indus dolphins skull and dentition adaptations

A

Differential teeth:
Front half of the skull is classic conical dolphin teeth where the rear teeth have flanges on either side of the crown that are modified to crush hard bodied prey (crabs, turtles, armoured catfish).
Skull adaptations to help channel the returning sound waves

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14
Q

!Platanistidae: Ganges and Indus dolphins: human interaction

A

Caught as by catch

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15
Q

!River dolphin general characteristics

A

Poor eyesight due to murky waters

Longitudinal slit blowhole

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16
Q

!Who has the longest beak of any cetacean?

A

Pontoporiidae: la Plata dolphin

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17
Q

!Pontoporiidae: la Plata dolphin human interaction

A

Hunted for meat oil and leather
Fishes for eating
Caught as bycatch

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18
Q

!Delphinidae melons

A

Organ on the top of head which helps focus sound pulses to pick up prey location.

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19
Q

!Delphinidae blowhole shape

A

Crescent

20
Q

!Delphinidae brains

A

Relatively large.

Large surface area of the cerebral cortex from information processing and storage.

21
Q

!Delphinidae behaviour

A

Intraspecific fights

Rape between male:female and male:male

22
Q

!Dolphin & porpoises taxonomy explained

A

They are sister taxa sharing a common ancestor

23
Q

!Phocoenidae (porpoises) morphology:

A

Single blowhole
Melon on forehead
Lack a rostrum, long beak instead

24
Q

!Phocoenidae (porpoises) Dentition

A

Teeth are laterally compressed and spatulate compared to the dolphins conical shape

25
Q

!Phocoenidae (porpoises) other characteristics:

  • Tail
  • Testes
  • Fins
A

*Tail stocks at end of tail which laterally compress into keels.
*Testes
Swell to 4% BM in breading season. Suggested sperm competition.
*small triangular fins

26
Q

Phocoenidae (porpoises) human interaction

A

Habitat degradation from dredging and trawling.
By-catch
Hunted by Japanese

27
Q

Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal) Narwhal teeth and tusks

A

2 functional teeth.
Females: don’t protrude from the gum-lime.
Males both grow into tusks.
1% of males have 2 tusks
1% of females have a tusk
Used for sensory capabilities and male combat

28
Q 
Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal)other characteristics
Fin
Neck
Tail
Blubber
Sounds
A

Lack a dorsal fin
Flexible necks to turn heads sideways
Mobile flippers to aid manoeuvering and swim backwards
Tail shape changes with age in male narwhals. Tips migrate forwards
Thick blubber to protect against architect waters
Belugas produce a wide variety of sounds while narwhals are almost silent

29
Q

Monodontidae (beluga and narwhal) human interaction

A

Hunters and human disturbances

30
Q

Physteridae (sperm whale) morphology

  • Head
  • Nasal
A 
*head
Bulbous forehead which holds the spermaceti organ. Could act like a melon or buoyancy.
*Nasal
Asymmetric nasal passages:
Left: breathing
Right: Sound production
31
Q

Physteridae (sperm whale) dentition

A

Rod-like lower jaw containing 20-26 pairs of teeth.

Teeth might not be used for feeding because well fed sperm whales are found without teeth or lower jaws

32
Q

Physteridae (sperm whale) feeding

A

Deep sea squid
Males eat more than females
Make repeated foraging dives

33
Q

Physteridae (sperm whale) other characteristics:
Skin
Fin

A

Skin corrugated except head and tail flukes

Low dorsal fin

34
Q

Physteridae (sperm whale) human interaction

A

Hunted for spermaceti, oil, blubber, and meat

35
Q

Kogidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whale) teeth

A

Only lower jaw carries teeth

Dwarfs have 3 vestigial teeth in the upper jaw

36
Q

Kogidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whale) other characteristics:
Head
Discharge

A

Head more conical and shorter
Shark-like appearance
Discharge a red/brown fluid from there intestines when threatened

37
Q

Ziphiidae (beaked whale) skull morphology

Tusks

A

1 or 2 sexually dimorphic tusks

Females and juiveniles functionally toothless

38
Q

Ziphiidae (beaked whale) human interaction

A

Chemical and plastic pollution

By catch

39
Q

Mysticeti (baleen whales) general body size

A

Small SA to V ratio means less heat loss. Larger bodies can store more fat

40
Q

Mysticeti (baleen whales) skull morphology

A

Frontal, rostral & cranial bones have fused
Jaws extended
Upper jaw supports baleen plates

41
Q

Schrichtiidae (gray whales) feeding

A

They strain bottom sediments for organisms.
Association with sea birds in that when the whale comes to the surface the birds eat the crustaceans that they bring along with them from the sediment.

42
Q

Schrichtiidae (gray whales) human interaction

A

Whale watching is economically important

43
Q

Balaenoptera (Roequals) skull morphology

A

*Central ridge between blow-hole and snout
*Lower jaw bowed & protrudes beyond end of snout
Bird-like

44
Q

Balaenoptera (Roequals) Human interaction.

A

Hunted for blubber, oil and meat.
Climate change
Marine pollution

45
Q

Balaenidae (right whales) skull morphology
Head
Callosites

A

Arched rostrum
Absence of throat grooves
Callosites: thickened skin patches form along the rostrum and lower jaw. They are larger in males. Houses colonies of white lice. May be for scraping skin in conflicts or as individual ID.

46
Q

Balaenidae (right whales) human interaction

A

Mortality from:
collision with shipping
Entanglement in fishing gear

47
Q

Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale) morphology

A

Similar to right whales
2 clearly marked throat grooves similar to gray whales
Small triangular dorsal fin which is absent in right whales

Mammalogy (17 decks)

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