Week 17: Urinary System Flashcards
Arrange the following structures in correct sequence through which urine flows.
- Ureter
- Renal pelvis
- Calyx
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?
- Vitamin D synthesis
- Excretion
- Regulation of red blood cell synthesis
- Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood
- Regulation of blood volume and pressure
- Chemical digestion
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Which is not a function of the urinary system?
Regulation of blood volume
Excretion of wastes
Regulation of erythrocyte production
Regulation of lymphocyte production
Storage of urine
Regulation of lymphocyte production
Which of the following is the first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine?
Calyx
Order the following structures that filtrate passes through as it is formed and modified to become urine.
a. Capsular space of glomerulus
b. Loop of Henle
c. Collecting duct
d. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Proximal convoluted tubule
a, e, b, d, c
T/F Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular capillary pressure.
True
Which portion of the renal tubule is the primary site for absorption of nutrients and water?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Most of the water and NaCl reabsorption takes place in the _____.
proximal convoluted tubule
In the thin segment of the descending loop of Henle, filtrate concentration is _____ to interstitial fluid concentration.
equal
The ascending loop of Henle is _____ to water.
impermeable
Solutes pass _____ the ascending loop of Henle via diffusion or transport mechanisms.
out of
Water and NaCl are _____ at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.
reabsorbed
As the filtrate travels through the ascending loop of Henle, its concentration is _____.
reduced
Na+ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl- reabsoprtion is a(n) __________ process.
active; passive
Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
Ammonia Glucose Water Drugs H+ HCO3- Amino acids VItamins
Secreted:
Ammonia
Drugs
H+
Reabsorbed: Glucose Water HCO3- Amino acids Vitamins
An increase of ADH causes the kidneys to ________ the reabsorption of water, resulting in the production of _______ urine.
increase; less
Match the effect of the hormone with its effect on extracellular fluid water volume and osmolarity.
Hormone:
Following an increase in aldosterone levels
Following secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone
Following secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Effect on ECF Water Volume:
Retain water
Eliminate water
Retain water
Effect on ECF Water Osmolarity:
Decrease osmolarity
Increase osmolarity
Decrease osmolarity
Order the structures through which urine passes.
a. Trigone of urinary bladder
b. Urethra
c. Ureter
d. Urinary bladder
c, d, a, b
Where is the micturition reflex initiated?
Urinary bladder
The ____________ fluid compartment of the body consists of all of the fluid inside the cells, while the ______________ fluid compartment consists of fluid outside the cells, such as interstitial fluid and plasma.
intracellular; extracellular
The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
Match the listed control mechanism with the ion it regulates.
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone
- Aldosterone
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
The kidneys help to regulate the pH of body fluids by controlling the
excretion of hydrogen ions.
Match the component of the urinary system with its description.
- Carries the urine from the kidneys.
- Transports the urine to the outside of the body.
- Hollow, muscular container that stores urine.
Ureters
Urethra
Bladder
Potassium levels in the body are regulated by
aldosterone.
An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) ____ in H+ ions and a(n) ____ in blood pH.
increase; decrease
When urination is desired, relaxation of the eternal urethral sphincter is caused by decreased action potentials along which of the following?
Somatic motor neurons
When the urinary bladder becomes stretched, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials traveling from
the urinary bladder to the sacral region of the spinal cord.
In response to impulses from the urinary bladder, which of the following cause the smooth muscle on the urinary bladder to contract?
Parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder
T/F If urination is not convenient, the brain sends impulses down the spinal cord to inhibit the micturition reflex.
True
T/F The micturition reflex is coordinated by neurons in the spinal cord.
True
Match the following labels as being associated with either acidosis or alkalosis.
Blood pH > 7.45
Hydrogen ion concentration decreases
Blood pH < 7.35
DCT responds by secreting more H+
DCT responds by secreting less H+
Hydrogen ion concentration increases
Acidosis:
Blood pH < 7.35
Hydrogen ion concentration increases
DCT responds by secreting more H+
Alkalosis:
Blood pH > 7.45
Hydrogen ion concentration decreases
DCT responds by secreting less H+
The kidneys play a vital role in several ____processes that maintain the homeostasis of the body
regulatory
The kidneys are capable of producing either a large volume of ____ urine or a small volume of ____ urine which plays a role in the regulation of ____.
dilute; concentrated; blood pressure and blood volume
The kidneys are involved in the regulation of ____. Hormones, such as ____ help regulate the concentrations of important ions like ____ in the blood.
solute concentrations in the blood; aldosterone; sodium
The kidneys help regulate the ____ by excreting variable amounts of ____ ions.
pH of the extracellular fluid; hydrogen
Put the sentences in the order that the events occur during the micturition reflex.
Action potentials are carried by parasympathetic nerves to contract the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder.
Receptors in the bladder wall generate action potentials.
Action potentials travel along pelvic nerves to the sacral region of the spinal cord.
The bladder stretches.
Decreased action potentials carried by somatic motor nerves cause the skeletal muscle of the external urinary sphincter to relax.
The bladder stretches.
Receptors in the bladder wall generate action potentials.
Action potentials travel along pelvic nerves to the sacral region of the spinal cord.
Action potentials are carried by parasympathetic nerves to contract the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder.
Decreased action potentials carried by somatic motor nerves cause the skeletal muscle of the external urinary sphincter to relax.
Classify each action by the kidney in the appropriate category.
Aldosterone secretion increases
Increased potassium secretion
Less potassium in the urine
Decreased potassium secretion
More potassium in the urine
Aldosterone secretion decreases
Kidney response to high blood potassium levels:
Aldosterone secretion increases
Increased potassium secretion
More potassium in the urine
Kidney response to low blood potassium levels:
Aldosterone secretion decreases
Less potassium in the urine
Decreased potassium secretion
Diuretics effect:
Increases renal blood flow and the rate of glomerular filtrate formation
caffeine
Diuretics effect:
Elevates the osmotic concentration of the filtrate
osmotic diuretic
Diuretics effect:
Promotes the loss of sodium, chlorine, and water in the urine
sodium ion reabsorption inhibitor
T/F Infection by the bacterium E. coli is the most common cause of cystitis.
True
An ultrasound technique that pulverizes kidney stones into small particles is referred to as
lithotripsy
When blood pH decreases, what occurs to correct the imbalance?
The respiratory center increases the breathing rate
If the blood pH level decreases, the kidneys increase the rate of ______ to help maintain proper pH balance.
bicarbonate reabsorption
During a boxing match, Miguel was punched in the back in his upper right abdominal quadrant. Two hours after the match, Miguel noticed blood in his urine. What do you suspect caused this bleeding?
Miguel suffered a fractured rib that punctured his right kidney.
Norma has just finished going through menopause and can now feel a “bump” in her perineum when she wipes after urinating. After visiting her urologist, she has learned that she has a prolapsed bladder (cystocele). It is determined that a device (pessary) will be nonsurgically placed in order to best hold the bladder in place. Within which pelvic organ(s) will the pessary be placed?
Vagina
After delivering her third child, Jenna has noticed urine leakage whenever she sneezes or coughs (stress incontinence). Her doctor has provided a prescription for an anticholinergic medication that works by relaxing the muscles of the bladder. Which muscle in particular will be most beneficial to target by the medication?
Detrusor
