Week 14: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by
returning interstitial fluid to the plasma
Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
- Defense
- Fluid equilibrium
- Fat absorption
- Defense
- Fluid equilibrium
- Fat absorption
Is excess interstitial fluid
Lymph
What structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible for preventing lymph from flowing backward?
Valves
Close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium
Lymphatic capillaries
Resemble small veins and contain valves to prevent backward flow of lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph from the right upper limb enters blood circulation here
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph from the lower limbs enters blood circulation here
Thoracic duct
Are the sites of proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
Germinal centers
Protect against bacteria from entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavity
Tonsils
Filter lymph; house lymphocytes
Lymph nodes
Destroys defective red blood cells; responds to foreign substances in the blood
Spleen
Site for the maturation of T cells
Thymus
Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?
Major histocompatibility complex
Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive and innate immunity. T/F
False
Specificity involves the immune system’s ability to recognize a particular substance. T/F
True
Memory involves the immune system’s ability to “remember” previous substances. T/F
True
Memory and specificity speed up and lengthen the immune system’s reaction time. T/F
True
Which of the following is a lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system and functions to kill tumor cells and infected cells?
a. Macrophages
b. Natural killer cells
c. Eosinophils
d. Basophils
B. Natural killer cells
Causes vasodilation and increased permeability of vessels
Histamine
Protect cells against viral infection
Interferon
Group of plasma proteins; promote inflammation and can lyse bacterial cells
Complement
Check all that occur during inflammation.
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.
Blood flow to the area is decreased.
Vascular permeability is decreased.
Fibrin walls off the infected area.
Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.
Chemical mediators cause vasodilation.
Fibrin walls off the infected area.
Complement attracts phagocytes to the area.
Foreign antigen and example:
Introduced from outside the body; pollen
Self-antigen and example:
Molecules produced by the body; Recognition of tumor antigens
A ________________ stimulates a B cell to divide and produce _________________.
helper T cell; plasma cells
Which is the proper order of events in cell-mediated immunity?
1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells
2) Antigen presented to cytotoxic T cell
3) Activation of cytotoxic T cell
1) Cloning of cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells
4) Target cells attacked by cytotoxic T cells
Antibody-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes, MHC - II, plasma cells, antibody production, activation of complement
Cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells, used to destroy cancerous cells & virus infected cells, MHC - I
Both (antibody & cell-mediated)
helper T cells, memory T cells, APCs
What is the cell that is responsible for a secondary response to an antigen?
Memory B cell
A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.
True
In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells. T/F
True
A secondary response is slower than a primary response. T/F
False
In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells. T/F
True
Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing
antigen-MHC protein complexes
Active natural immunity occurs when
an individual develops a disease.
Cell-mediated immunity is effective
in eliminating virus-infected cells.
__________ immunity is what we are born with and it is nonspecific.
Innate
This branch of the immune system contains __________ component.
no memory
__________ immunity is changeable and can adapt to better attack new invading antigens.
Acquired
This branch of the immune system contains a __________ component, where immune cells remember a previous exposure to a specific antigen.
memory
Which of the following effects is seen in immunotherapy treatment of diseases?
Directly attacking harmful cells
Inhibiting the immune system against self-antigens
Monoclonal antibody therapy against specific antigens
All of the choices are correct.
All choices are correct
Select all that are examples of how immunotherapy can help treat diseases.
Kill tumor cells
Alter immune system function
Inhibit the immune system
Promote inflammation
Kill tumor cells
Alter immune system function
Inhibit the immune system
Promote inflammation
Select all that are reasons why, as a result of aging, the immune system is less effective in its functions.
The thymus significantly increases in size.
Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens
B-lymphocyte production is decreased.
The primary and secondary antibody responses are faster, with more memory cells produced.
Helper T-lymphocytes are less responsive to antigens
B-lymphocyte production is decreased.
Virus proteins and self-proteins are examples of proteins found inside of a cell. T/F
True
Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules
stimulate cell destruction by cytotoxic T-cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack
cells that display foreign proteins on their surface.
Cytotoxic T-cells produce _______ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells.
Perforin
Cytotoxic T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing
foreign protein-MHC protein complexes.
When a virus infects a cell, some of the viral proteins are broken down into peptide fragments. T/F
True
Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins. T/F
False
Explanation: Cytotoxic T-cells interact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins.
Protein is usually a T-cell dependent antigen. T/F
True
Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T-cell dependent antigens?
- Helper T-cell
- Cytotoxic T-cell
- B cell
- Cytokines
Helper T-cell, B cell, Cytokines
An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell
on its surface, attached to an MHC class II molecule.
A helper T cell becomes activated by a(n) __________.
antigen-presenting cell
A __________ must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
helper T cell
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed
Antigens
Explanation: Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immune response. They can be allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. They can also be from exposure to the wrong blood type. In addition, one’s own body has antigens to let the immune system differentiate its own cells from foreign ones. Failure to do this could present as an autoimmune disease.
Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________.
interleukin-1; helper T cells
Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells. T/F
False. Explanation: Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of both cytotoxic T cells and B cells.
The secondary response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary response. T/F
True
Excess _____________ fluid is returned to the bloodstream through a network of lymphatic vessels.
interstitial
Fluid
Lymph
Lipid Absorbtion
Lacteals, chyle
Defense
Lymph node, spleen, lymphocytes
Fluid moves from __________ capillaries into tissue spaces.
blod
Most of this fluid returns to circulation, but some fluid moves from the tissue spaces into lymphatic __________ to become __________.
capillaries; lymph
These capillaries are tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of overlapping simple squamous cells that act as __________ to prevent the backflow of fluid.
valves
The __________, which resemble small veins are formed from smaller vessels merging.
lymphatic vessels
Lymph is first transported from the tissue spaces into the tiny, closed-ended __________.
lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the __________, which empties into the __________.
right lymphatic duct; right subclavian vein
Lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body enter the __________, which empties into the __________.
thoracic duct; left subclavian vein
The ability for adaptive immunity to improve the immune response to a particular pathogen over subsequent exposures is referred to as
memory
Due to __________, blood flow to the damaged area __________ and brings phagocytes and other __________ to the area.
vasodilation; increases, white blood cells
Increased __________ allows important inflammatory mediators to enter the tissue from the blood.
vascular permeability
__________ is converted to fibrin, which isolates the infection by walling off the infected area.
fibrinogen
__________ further enhances the inflammatory response and attracts additional phagocytes.
complement
Substances that stimulate an adaptive immune response are called
antigens
The __________ are responsible for the __________ immune response.
cytotoxic T cells; cell-mediated
The __________ provide a secondary response and __________ immunity.
memory T cells; long-lasting
The __________ can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells.
helper T cells
A cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells is
interleukin-1
Events in order how helper T cells are activated to describe how helper T cells are activated.
a. Antigens are presented with MHC class II molecules, which bind the T-cell receptor of a specific helper T cell
b. The increased number of helper T cells can facilitate the activation of B cells or effector T cells
c. The helper T cell stimulates itself to divide when interleukin-2 binds to its interleukin-2 receptors
d. Daughter helper T cells resulting from the division greatly increases the number of helper T cells.
e. Antigen-presenting cells phagocytize, process, and display antigens on their surface
f. Interleukin-1 stimulates the activated helper T cell to secrete interleukin-2
g. Costimulation occurs
E, A, G, F, C, D, B
The ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist __________ pathogens decreases with age. For example, the elderly are more susceptible to __________ and should be vaccinated every year.
intracellular; influenza
Some pathogens cause disease but are not eliminated from the body; with age, decreased immunity can lead to __________ of the pathogen. An example is the virus that causes chickenpox in children, which can remain latent within nerve cells, even though the disease seems to have disappeared. Later in life, the virus can leave the nerve cells and infect skin cells, causing painful lesions known as herpes zoster, or __________.
reactivation; shingles
Because viruses induce some cancers, interferons may play a role in controlling cancers. T/F
True
Interferons activate B cells and T cells. T/F
false
Interferons currently are not produced in sufficient quantities for clinical use. T/F
false
Interferons can be used to treat hepatitis C and genital warts. T/F
true
Interferons are not approved for the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. T/F
false
A monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is capable of combatting several different types of antigens. T/F
false
Clinical uses for monoclonal antibodies are very limited. T/F
false
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting an antigen into a laboratory animal to activate a T-cell clone against the antigen. T/F
false
One ideal characteristic of monoclonal antibodies is that the cells from which they are derived divide rapidly. T/F
true
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to determine pregnancy. T/F
true
What specific cell type is the effector cell for cell-mediated immunity (i.e., the cell type that destroys the antigen-containing cell)?
Cytotoxic T cell
An infected cell displaying MHC class I/antigen complexes on its surface can activate ________ cells, leading to destruction of the infected cell.
cytotoxic T
Which of following accurately describes lymph?
Lymph is the excess interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries from the tissues.
Pathogens and cancerous tumor cells found in lymph are destroyed or retained by cells within the __________.
lymph nodes
Lymph is prevented from flowing backwards by __________.
valves in lymphatic vessels
A blockage of the right lymphatic duct may cause swelling of the __________.
right arm
A blockage of the thoracic duct may cause swelling of the __________.
left arm. Explanation: The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the head, right arm, and right side of the thorax and delivers it to the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the rest of the body and delivers it to the left subclavian vein.
A wound triggers the complex process of __________.
repairing the skin
How many steps are involved in the wound healing process?
3
What is the correct sequence for wound healing?
Inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase
Which of the following initiates the clotting mechanism?
Platelet plug
A keloid formation is a type of complication that can occur during the healing of a wound. T/F
True
The process in which white blood cells eat debris and kill bacteria to reduce the risk of infection is called _________.
phagocytosis
The restoration of the protective skin barrier is called __________.
epithelialization
What phase of the wound healing process can leave an avascular scar?
Remodeling
Keloids are composed of mostly __________, and are __________ growing.
collagen; slow
What is the common initial treatment for keloids?
injections
Keloids regress spontaneously and tend not to recur after excision.
False
Which of the following cells are functional within the immune system?
Specialized WBC. Explanation: Specialized white blood cells, like T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, can respond to antigens with a variety of difference mechanisms.
The body helps to protect itself from antigens by producing __________ that bind to antigens, rendering them harmless.
antibodies
Explanation:
Certain white blood cells can produce antibodies, which can bind to an antigen, and take away its ability to be harmful. Typically, it takes one exposure for the body to learn how to make antibodies. For example, if you get chicken pox, you get sick. However, while you’re sick the body is making antibodies for the next time you become exposed to the virus that causes chicken pox. Next time you’re exposed, you won’t get sick.
Rhinitis (nasal inflammation) can result from exposure to pollen, an antigen. This response by the immune system can be known as __________.
immediate hypersensitivity
Explanation:
When a body overreacts to an allergen, with local symptoms, it’s called immediate hypersensitivity.
A reaction to the antigens present in bee venom could result in hypotension (low blood pressure) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing). This reaction is called __________.
anaphylaxis
Explanation:
When the entire body reacts to an allergen, not just the local tissues, this is a dangerous response called anaphylaxis. It may require an injection of epinephrine to counteract the hypotension and dyspnea.
Lymph flow: Correct or incorrect
Lymphatic capillaries to collecting vessels
Left lumbar trunk to the thoracic duct
Intestinal trunk to the right lymphatic duct
Lymph nodes to lymphatic capillaries
Collecting ducts to collecting vessels
Right subclavian trunk to thoracic duct
Collecting vessels to lymphatic trunks
Lower extremity lymph to the thoracic duct
Thoracic duct to cisterna chyli
Right head lymph to the thoracic duct
Correct Correct Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect Correct Correct Incorrect Incorrect
Specific form of defense
B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, antibodies agglutinin, complement, major histocompatibility complexes, cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, memory t cells, cd4+ cells, plasma cells, immunoglobulin
Nonspecific form of defense
Skin, neutrophils, hypodermal areolar connective tissue, stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized epithelium
First line of defense
skin, mucosal membranes
Second line of defense
macrophages, eosinophils, inflammation, fever
Third line of defense
vaccines, humoral & cell-mediated immunity, MHCs, APCs, lymphocytes, antibodies
Increase of inflammatory response
histamine & heparin release, complement fixation, hyperemia, basophil activation
Decrease of inflammatory response
vasoconstriction of arterioles, hypoxia, reduced temperature, regulatory T cells, aspirin
Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as __________ and is similar to __________ in consistency and appearance.
lymph; blood plasma
Originating distally in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluids are taken up by the __________ which resemble __________.
lymphatic vessels; veins
Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called __________ and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection.
lymphatic tissues
The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of __________.
lymphatic organs
The lymphatic system recovers fluids lost from the __________ via diffusion by collecting and re-circulating them into the cardiovascular system.
vasculature to the interstitium
One disease condition that exemplifies the __________ function of the lymphatic system is __________ which is caused by parasitic blockages of the lymphatic vessels resulting in massive interstitial tissue edema.
fluid reclamation; elephantiasis
Immune function occurs largely because lymph contains __________ and immunoglobulins which serve as powerful defense mechanisms against pathogens.
white blood cells
Digestive function of the lymphatic system is provided by __________ in the intestines which are involved with the process of __________.
lacteals; lipid absorption
Following musculoskeletal injury such as sprained ankle, medical professionals use the acronym __________ to detail the method of treatment from injury.
P.R.I.C.E
In order to reduce the chances of further damage to the affected tissues, one is encouraged to __________ the injury with prophylactic devices like casts, splints, and slings.
protect
By removing one from the conditions that caused the injury and reducing the movement of the affected areas, __________ is an important factor in further decreasing the chances of further harm.
restcompress
Using __________ works to vasoconstrict the vasculature (arteries) of the injured area and thus reduce the amount of fluids reaching the injury and accumulating in the interstitium.
ice
Using medical wraps will __________ the tissues which increases the interstitial hydrostatic pressure thus promoting the reabsorption of fluid into lymphatic vessels.
elevate
It is also important to __________ the affected area above the level of the heart, if possible, which harnesses the forces of gravity to move fluids away from the site of injury and back into general circulation.
compress
Four cardinal signs of __________ are recognized.
inflammation
Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces __________.
redness
The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings __________ from the axial regions of the body.
heat
With increase blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in __________.
swelling (edema)
Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for __________.
pain
Interestingly, __________ do not directly attach nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response.
antibodies
Antibodies that bind to all of the surface antigens of pathogens exhibit _________ which prevents the pathogen from binding to and thus causing damage to human cells.
neutralization
Antibodies bind to antigens sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote __________ resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen.
complement fixation
Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or __________ to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells.
agglutination
Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies binding more than one molecule simultaneously, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of __________.
precipitation
Soluble plasma proteins known as __________ can be activated in three ways with the __________ mechanism requiring antibodies.
complement; classical or antibody-dependent
The alternative and __________ pathways of complement activation can both be initiated __________ of antibody actions.
lectin; independent
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to __________ which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
basophils and mast cells
By binding __________ to red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of __________ by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal.
antibody-antigen complexes; immune clearance
Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for __________ through a process called opsonization.
phagocytosis
Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of __________ in the membranes of pathogens, causing __________.
membrane attack complexes; cytolysis
