Week 15: Respiratory System Flashcards
For a gas, the direction of diffusion is determined by
partial pressure differences
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the blood and lungs is true?
PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood
PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung = PCO2 in blood
PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
PO2 in lung is less than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is greater than PCO2 in blood
PO2 in lung is greater than PO2 in blood; PCO2 in lung is less than PCO2 in blood
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the blood and tissues is true?
PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is greater than PCO2 in tissues
PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood = PCO2 in tissues
PO2 in blood is less than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than PCO2 in tissues
PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than PCO2 in tissues
PO2 in blood is less than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is greater than PCO2 in tissues
PO2 in blood is greater than PO2 in tissues; PCO2 in blood is less than PCO2 in tissues
T/F Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.
False
Explanation: Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs (so it can become oxygenated).
T/F Oxygen-poor blood is carried through systemic veins from the body tissues back to the heart.
True
The direction of gas movement is determined by
partial pressure differences
Inspiration begins as
the diaphragm contracts
During inspiration there is
increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure
During expiration there is
decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure
T/F The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the atmospheric air.
False
T/F As the volume in the alveoli increases, the pressure decreases.
True
At the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries
the PO2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
the PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
the PO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
the PO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
At the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries
the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
the PCO2 is higher in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
the PCO2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
the PCO2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
For structures at the arterial ends of tissue capillaries, select the correct order of highest PO2 to lowest PO2 values.
Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells
T/F When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.
True
T/F Gasses diffuse from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure.
True
At the arterial end of the pulmonary capillaries,
O2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli, while CO2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.
both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the blood into the alveoli.
both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the alveoli into the blood.
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, but there is no net movement of CO2.
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
At the arterial end of the tissue capillaries,
O2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells.
both O2 and CO2 diffuse from the blood into tissue cells.
both O2 and CO2 diffuse from tissue cells into the blood.
O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, but there is no net movement of CO2.
O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.
O2 diffuses from the blood into tissue cells, while CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into the blood.
T/F The partial pressure of a gas can be measured in millimeters of mercury.
True
T/F At the venous end of tissue capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2 because an equilibrium has been reached.
True
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Olfaction
Taste
Innate immunity
Voice production
Regulation of blood pH
Taste
Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation.
(1) alveolar ducts
(2) alveolus
(3) respiratory bronchiole
(4) terminal bronchiole
4, 3, 1, 2
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place across the walls of the
alveoli
Expiration during quiet breathing
occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be
a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli.
What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
Calculate the vital capacity of an individual with an inspiratory reserve volume of 3200 mL, a tidal volume of 525 mL, and an expiratory reserve volume of 900 mL.
4625 mL
A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will cause the rate of gas diffusion to
decrease
Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2.
(1) PO2 of pulmonary veins
(2) PO2 of pulmonary artery
(3) PO2 of alveolar air
3, 1, 2
Most oxygen is carried in the blood ______, whereas most carbon dioxide is ________.
bound to hemoglobin; transported as bicarbonate
Rhythmicity of breathing involves
conscious effort and control.
stimulation of expiration; inspiration is a passive process.
the pontine respiratory group.
the pre-Bötzinger complex of the ventral respiratory group.
the pre-Bötzinger complex of the ventral respiratory group.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
helps prevent overinflation of the lungs.
A(n) ________ in blood CO2 levels causes a(n) _________ in blood pH, resulting in a(n) __________ in breathing rate.
increase; decrease; increase
Which of the following is not a respiratory adaptation to exercise training?
Increased minute ventilation after training
Which of the following is an effect of aging on the respiratory system?
Residual volume increases.
Check all that are a function of the respiratory system.
Respiration
Voice production
Hormone production
Regulation of blood pH
Nutrient absorption
Olfaction
Protection from microorganisms
Respiration
Voice production
Regulation of blood pH
Olfaction
Protection from microorganisms
Visible structure on the face
External nose
Extends from the nares to the choanae
Nasal cavity
Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
Pharynx
Located posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate
Nasopharynx
Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Oropharynx
Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for air; extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
Larynx
Windpipe; membranous tube attached to the larynx
Trachea
Large, conical shaped organs of respiration
Lungs
Small, air-filled chambers for where gas exchange takes place
Alveoli
T/F The left lung has two lobes and right lung has three.
True
T/F The cardiac notch is located on the hilum.
False
T/F Each lobe is subdivided into bronchopulmonary segments.
True
T/F The bronchopulmonary partitions in each lung are separated by connective tissue.
True
T/F Bronchopulmonary segments are subdivided into lobes.
False
Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath
Tidal volume
Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air in the lungs after forceful expiration
Residual volume
T/F The thinner the membrane, the more readily gas exchange occurs.
True
T/F Oxygen diffuses into the venous ends of pulmonary capillaries.
False
T/F A larger surface area allows for more gas exchange.
True
T/F Gases diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to higher partial pressure.
False
At the lungs, carbon dioxide travels _____ the blood ____ the alveoli.
from; to
Most oxygen transported in the blood is bound to __________.
hemoglobin
The part of the ventral respiratory group that establishes the basic breathing pattern is called the _____________.
pre-Bötzinger complex
Check all that are a function of the Hering-Breuer reflex.
Prevent overinflation of the lungs in adults
Regulate the basic rhythm of breathing in infants
Regulate the basic rhythm of breathing in adults
Prevent overinflation of the lungs in infants
Prevent overinflation of the lungs in adults
Regulate the basic rhythm of breathing in infants
Prevent overinflation of the lungs in infants
Increase or decrease the respiratory rate:
Blood pH decreases
Increases respiratory rhythm
Increase or decrease the respiratory rate:
Levels of CO2 in the blood increase
Increases respiratory rhythm
Increase or decrease the respiratory rate:
Blood levels of hydrogen ions increase
Increases respiratory rhythm
Increase or decrease the respiratory rate:
Blood pH increases
Decreases respiratory rhythm
Increase or decrease the respiratory rate:
Blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease
Decreases respiratory rhythm
T/F Ventilation increases gradually at the start of exercise.
False
T/F Movement of skeletal muscles has a stimulatory effect on respiration.
True
T/F The highest level of exercise that can occur without causing a change in blood pH is called the anaerobic threshold.
True
T/F Changes in blood gases and blood pH are largely responsible for increasing ventilation during aerobic exercise.
False
Select all that decrease as a result of aging.
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Vital capacity
Gas exchange
Dead space
Maximum ventilation rate
Vital capacity
Gas exchange
Maximum ventilation rate
Indicate which muscles contract during inspiration and expiration.
Sternocleidomastoid
Abdominal muscles
Scalenes
Internal intercostals
Pectoralis minor
External intercostals
Diaphragm
Inspiration:
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor
External intercostals
Diaphragm
Expiration:
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles
When alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, there is ____ air movement into or out of the lungs.
no change in
When alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves ____ the lungs.
into
Alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure results in air moving ____ the lungs.
out of
As air moves into the lungs, alveolar pressure ____.
increases
As air moves out of the lungs, alveolar pressure ____.
decreases
Select all that are true regarding surfactant.
Surfactant is composed primarily of carbohydrate molecules.
Surfactant is produced by the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
The surfactant molecules form a single layer on the surface of the thin fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing surface tension.
The surface tension causing alveoli to recoil is much greater when surfactant is present.
Surfactant greatly reduces the tendency of the lungs to collapse.
The surfactant molecules form a single layer on the surface of the thin fluid layer lining the alveoli, reducing surface tension.
Surfactant greatly reduces the tendency of the lungs to collapse.
The respiratory system can alter ____ by changing blood ____ levels.
blood pH; carbon dioxide
Air movement past the vocal cords makes ____ possible.
voice production
The sensation of ____ occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity.
smell
The respiratory system is involved in ____ by preventing microorganisms from entering the body and by removing them from respiratory surfaces.
innate immunity
Put the following structures in order describing the movement of oxygen from inside the alveolus to the blood.
Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
Alveolar fluid
Pulmonary capillary endothelium
Interstitial space
Alveolar epithelium
Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
Alveolar fluid
Alveolar epithelium
Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
Interstitial space
Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
Pulmonary capillary endothelium
Normally, the alveoli are in the expanded state because pleural pressure is ____ than alveolar pressure.
lower
As the lungs ____, the visceral and parietal pleurae tend to be pulled apart.
recoil
This pull ____ pressure in the pleural cavity.
decreases
Classify the following as either decreasing gas exchange through the respiratory membrane or promoting gas exchange through the respiratory membrane.
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli
Decreased surface area
of respiratory membrane
PO2 in the blood is
40mm Hg and the PO2 in
the alveoli is 104mm Hg
PCO2 in the blood is
45mm Hg and the PCO2
in the alveoli is 40mm Hg
PCO2 in the blood is
40mm Hg and the PCO2
in the alveoli is 40mm Hg
Respiratory membrane is
very thin
Decrease gas exchange:
Fluid accumulation in the
alveoli
Decreased surface area
of respiratory membrane
PCO2 in the blood is
40mm Hg and the PCO2
in the alveoli is 40mm Hg
Promote gas exchange:
PO2 in the blood is
40mm Hg and the PO2 in
the alveoli is 104mm Hg
PCO2 in the blood is
45mm Hg and the PCO2
in the alveoli is 40mm Hg
Respiratory membrane is
very thin
Place the following in order from the highest to the lowest values:
PO2 in tissue cells
PCO2 in the venous ends of pulmonary capillaries
PO2 in the alveoli
PO2 in the arterial ends of tissue capillaries
PCO2 in the alveoli
PO2 in the alveoli
PO2 in the arterial ends of tissue capillaries
PCO2 in the venous ends of pulmonary capillaries
PCO2 in the alveoli
PO2 in tissue cells
The majority of the oxygen transported in the blood combines reversibly with a blood protein to form ____.
oxyhemoglobin
At high PO₂, this protein ____ to oxygen, and at low PO₂, it ____ oxygen.
binds; releases
About 1.5% of the oxygen remains dissolved in the ____.
plasma
____ is transported in the blood in three ways.
Carbon dioxide
About 7% is transported as dissolved gas in the ____.
plasma
About 23% is transported in combination with blood proteins, primarily ____.
hemoglobin
The majority of this gas is transported in the form of ____.
bicarbonate ions
The ____ respiratory center consists of four respiratory groups, each forming a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal and ventral regions of the ____.
medullary; medulla oblongata
The ____ respiratory group is primarily responsible for stimulating contraction of the diaphragm. The ____ respiratory group is primarily responsible for stimulating the external intercostal, internal intercostal, and abdominal muscles.
dorsal; ventral
The ____ respiratory group is a collection of neurons in the ____ and appears to play a role in switching between inspiration and expiration.
pontine; pons
The ____ supports rhythmic respiratory movements by limiting the extent of inspiration.
Hering-Breuer reflex
As the lungs fill with air, ____ located in the lungs are stimulated. Action potentials from these receptors are then sent to the ____, where they inhibit the respiratory center neurons and cause expiration.
stretch receptors; medulla oblongata
In infants, this reflex plays an important role in regulating the basic rhythm of breathing and in preventing ____ of the lungs. In adults, this reflex is important only when the tidal volume is ____, as occurs during strenuous exercise.
overinflation; high
At the onset of exercise, the rate of breathing immediately ____.
increases
During exercise, action potentials in the motor pathways stimulate ____, and action potentials in the collateral fibers from these motor pathways stimulate the ____.
skeletal muscle contractions; respiratory center
During exercise, body movements stimulate ____ in the joints of the limbs. Ultimately, these movements have a strong ____ influence on the respiratory center.
proprioceptors; stimulatory
After athletic training, vital capacity ____ slightly, and residual volume ____ slightly. Tidal volume at rest and during standardized, submaximal exercise ____ . At maximal exercise, however, the tidal volume ____ . Increased efficiency of the respiratory system in response to training is evident because the respiratory rate at rest or during standardized submaximal exercise in trained individuals is slightly ____ ; however, at maximal exercise, their respiratory rate is usually ____
increases; decreases; lower; higher; does not change
increases; decreases; does not change; increases; lower; higher
Vital capacity decreases with age because of reduced ability to fill the lungs (decreased inspiratory reserve volume) and to empty the lungs (decreased expiratory reserve volume).
decreases; (decreased inspiratory reserve volume); (decreased expiratory reserve volume).
Residual volume increases with age as the alveolar ducts and many of the larger bronchioles increase in diameter. This increases the dead space, which decreases the amount of air available for gas exchange.
increases; increases; decreases
In addition, gas exchange across the respiratory membrane declines because parts of the alveolar walls are lost, which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange, and the remaining walls thicken, which decreases the diffusion of gases. A gradual increase in resting tidal volume with age compensates for these changes.
decreases; decreases; tidal volume
Procedure used to make an opening through the membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages in order to insert a tube to establish an airway
Cricothyrotomy
Procedure to make an opening into the trachea
Tracheostomy
Insertion of a tube into an opening, a canal, or a hollow organ
Intubation
T/F A pneumothorax is the introduction of air into the pleural cavity.
True
T/F Asthma is characterized by abnormally increased constriction of the trachea and bronchi in response to various stimuli.
True
T/F Contraction of smooth muscle increases airway diameter and decreases resistance to airflow.
False
T/F The effects of inflammation and airway hyperactivity combine to cause airway obstruction.
True
T/F Many cases of asthma appear to be associated with a chronic inflammatory response by the immune system.
True
T/F In asthmatics, the number of immune cells in the bronchi decreases.
False
Inflammation of the vocal folds is called ______.
laryngitis
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the uvula to the epiglottis is called the ______.
oropharynx
