Week 15 - Introducing depression Flashcards
What is meant by the term years lived with disability?
It is a measure of the burden of a condition calculated from its prevalence and the extent of loss of health associated with the condition
Poor mental health at work is estimated to cost the UK economy how much per year?
Between £74 to £99 billion per year
What is meant by the term variance?
A measure of the spread or distribution of numbers in a data set
What is meant by the term parametric test?
A statistical test used to analyse data sets that meet certain assumptions, including the assumption that the data sets have normal distributions
What is meant by the term non-parametric test?
It is a statistical test used to analyse data sets that do not meet certain assumptions, including the assumption that the data sets have normal distributions
What is meant by the term t-test?
It is a statistical test that looks at the degree of overlap of two data sets and gives a value t. The lower the t value, the greater the overlap in the datasets
Does a low t value indicate that the two datasets being examined will have a greater or lesser degree of overlap?
The lower the t value, the greater the overlap
Does a high t value indicate that the two datasets being examined will have a greater or lesser degree of overlap?
The higher the t value, the lower the overlap
What are the two most common mental health conditions?
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
Which condition is most often co-morbid with depression?
Generalised anxiety disorder
What might be the consequence of overlapping symptoms for diagnosing depression or anxiety?
Overlapping symptoms may make providing a specific diagnosis more challenging because symptoms could indicate either condition
Which chronic physical conditions are most commonly co-morbid with depression?
- Asthma
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Epilepsy
- High blood pressure
What is meant by the term affective condition?
A set of psychiatric conditions that includes depression and bipolar disorder (also called mood conditions)
What is meant by the term emotional conditions?
A set of psychiatric conditions that includes mood conditions and anxiety
What is meant by the term major depressive disorder?
Depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in all activities over a period of at least two weeks
What is meant by the term dysthymia?
Milder than major depression; characterised by depressed mood that occurs for most of the day for more days than not for at least two years
What is meant by the term psychotic depression?
It is when a depressive condition is accompanied by some form of psychosis
What is meant by the term postpartum depression?
Depression that begins within one month after delivery of a baby
What is meant by the term substance/medication induced depressive disorder?
Depressive disorder associated with inhalation, ingestion or injection of a substance
What is meant by the term seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
The onset of a depressive condition during the winter months when there is less sunlight
What is meant by the term bipolar type 1?
Episodes of mania often preceded or followed by episodes of hypomania or major depression. Mania is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and impaired judgement
What is meant by the term bipolar type 2?
Recurring episodes of major depression and hypomania (a milder form of mania)
What are the four categories of symptoms which are used for the diagnosis of affective conditions?
- Mood/emotional symptoms, eg feeling sad
- Motivational symptoms, such as difficulty making decisions
- Cognitive symptoms involving thoughts linked to worry or pessimism
- Physical symptoms such as bodily aches or tiredness
What are the two primary symptoms as listed in the DSM-V used as diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder?
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
- Diminished interest in almost all activities most of the day, nearly every day (anhedonia)
What are the seven secondary symptoms as listed in the DSM-V used as diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder?
- Significant weight loss not related to dieting
- Insomnia or oversleeping
- Restlessness or lethargy
- Fatigue
- Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Thoughts of death or suicide, or attempts at suicide
What is meant by the terms reliability and validity?
- Reliability: the accuracy of a measurement and whether it is likely to be replicated by different people or on different occasions
- Validity: the ability of a test or tool to measure what it is intended to measure
What two types of misdiagnosis can poor diagnostic validity lead to?
- A false positive diagnosis, where a person is diagnosed with a condition incorrectly
- A false negative diagnosis, where a mental health condition is not diagnosed or is misdiagnosed as another condition
What are three examples of factors which may affect the reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria?
- Age
- Sex
- Culture
Why might it be useful to assess the severity of a person’s depression?
To inform treatment options, assess the severity over time and determine the effectiveness of a particular intervention
