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SK298 - Brain, the mind & mental health > Week 10 - Addiction and society > Flashcards

Week 10 - Addiction and society Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Is addicition recognised by health professionals as a mental health condition in its own right?

A

Yes

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2
Q

In which period of life does addiction often begin?

A

Adolescence

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3
Q

When does grey matter development peak?

A

Early adolescence

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4
Q

Is there a difference between genders for when grey matter development peaks?

A

Yes - the peak happens a couple of years later in boys in relation to girls

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5
Q

Activity in which area of the brain decreases during adolescence?

A

The medial prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

Where is the medial prefrontal cortex located?

A

In the middle of the prefrontal cortex

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7
Q

Why do we think that activity in the medial prefrontal cortex decreases during adolescence?

A

Because adolescents and adults use different cognitive strategies in making decisions

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8
Q

What is the limbic system involved in?

A

Emotion and reward processing

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9
Q

What are the two different forms of punishment?

A
  • Positive punishment
  • Negative punishment
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10
Q

What is meant by the term positive punishment?

A

Where something is added to discourage behaviour

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11
Q

What is meant by the term negative punishment?

A

Where something is removed to discourage behaviour

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12
Q

What is meant by the term positive reinforcement?

A

Where something is added to encourage good behaviour

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13
Q

What is meant by the term negative reinforcement?

A

Where something is removed to encourage behaviour

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14
Q

What is another way that addiction is often referred to as?

A

A disorder encompassing dysregulated motivation

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15
Q

What is addiction often characterised by?

A

Uncontrollable desiire and routines of reward-seeing / reward-taking

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16
Q

What is meant by the acronym SUD?

A

Substance use disorder

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17
Q

How many common criteria are there for substance use disorders (SUDs)?

A

11

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18
Q

What would two to three symptoms of SUD (substance use disorder) be classed as?

A

Mild SUD

19
Q

What would four to five symptoms of SUD (substance use disorder) be classed as

A

Moderate SUD

20
Q

What would six or more symptoms of SUD (substance use disorder) be classed as

A

Severe SUD

21
Q

What are the four groups that each of the 11 criteria for a diagnosis of SUD can be categorised into?

A
  • Impaired control
  • Negative impact on everyday life
  • Risky use
  • Symptoms associated with physiological adaptations
22
Q

What are the 11 criteria for substance use disorders?

A
  • Tolerance
  • WIthdrawal
  • Taken more/longer than intended
  • Desire/unsuccessful efforts to quit/stop
  • Great deal of time taken by activities related to use
  • Use despite knowledge of associated problems
  • Miss important activities due to use
  • Recurrent use causing failure to fulfill important obligations
  • Recurrent use resulting in physically dangerous behaviour (eg driving)
  • Continued use despite recurrent associated social problems
  • Craving for the substance
23
Q

Does the DSM-V group all substance use disorders under the same classification?

A

No

24
Q

Are there any particular behaviours required in order for a diagnosis of SUD to be given?

A

No

25
Q

Why is it important that there are not specific behaviours that are required in order for a diagnosis of SUD to be given?

A

Because some things associated with addiction are not necessarily present for all individuals

26
Q

What are the four ways of classifying drugs?

A

By:
- source
- mechanism of action in the brain
- therapeutic use or effect
- legal status

27
Q

What is meant by the term psychoactive substances?

A

Compounds that alter cognition, behaviour, perception or mood

28
Q

What are the four natural narcotics?

A
  • opium
  • morphine
  • codeine
  • thebaine
29
Q

What are the four semi-synthetic narcotics?

A
  • heroin
  • hydromorphone
  • oxycodone
  • etorphine
30
Q

What are the five totally synthetic narcotics?

A
  • pentazocine
  • meperidine
  • fentanyl
  • methadone
  • propoxyphene
31
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A naturally occuring protein that binds to and interacts with other molecules, initiating a biological effect

32
Q

What are the three endogenous opiods?

A
  • enkephalins
  • endorphins
  • dynorphins
33
Q

What are exogenous opiods?

A

Naturally occurring signalling molecules in the body that have a variety of important functions, including the inhibition of pain

34
Q

In general, what does the term opiod refer to?

A

All drugs that share the mechanism of action of binding to opiod receptors

35
Q

In general what does the term opiate refer to?

A

Naturally occurring opiod-type drugs, ie drugs that are derived from the poppy plant

36
Q

Of all the drugs which have the potential to cause harm, which is the worst?

A

Alcohol

37
Q

How much of the world’s population is estimated to have an alcohol or illicit drug use disorder?

A

2% generally but 5% in some countries

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?

A

It affects dopamine transporter function

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of LSD?

A

It affects serotonin transporter function

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methadone?

A

It affects opiod function

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of MDMA?

A

It affects serotonin function

42
Q

Is a person’s weight any indication of food addiction?

A

No, it is defined by behavioural-cognitive states

43
Q

Does pathological gambling only occur if a person enjoys gambling?

A

No

SK298 - Brain, the mind & mental health (19 decks)

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